As you know, greeting is the most basic and essential aspect of any conversation. While knowing how to say hello is certainly crucial for getting to know people, learning how to say goodbye is just as important. Giving the proper farewell can improve the quality and longevity of your relationships and make you sound more like a native speaker.
There are various ways to say goodbye in Japanese, and some phrases are unique and untranslatable ones which reflect the politeness of Japanese culture. As you learn how to say goodbye in Japanese, you’ll also deepen your understanding of Japanese culture and get tips for having smooth conversations with Japanese people.
In this article, we’ll introduce the most common phrases for saying bye in Japanese, from easy casual words to more formal ones. We’ll also show you some expressions that are unique to the Japanese language. After reading this guide from JapanesePod101.com, you’ll be able to leave any conversation with confidence! Start with a bonus, and download the Must-Know Beginner Vocabulary PDF for FREE!(Logged-In Member Only)
- The Most Common Japanese Goodbye Phrases
- Various Ways to Say Goodbye in Japanese
- Untranslatable Goodbye Phrases in Japanese
- Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
1. The Most Common Japanese Goodbye Phrases
Let’s start by looking at the most popular ways to say goodbye in the Japanese language. These are phrases you may know already, but keep reading to learn how to use them properly!
1 – さようなら (Sayōnara)
You’ve probably heard the famous Japanese word さようなら (Sayōnara) in movies and other media. This word is the direct translation of “goodbye.”
To say it properly, pronounce yō a bit longer and with no intonation. (English-speakers saying “sayoNAra” in Hollywood movies is a big Japanese pronunciation mistake! Don’t shorten the long vowel and stress the wrong syllable of a word!)
Despite its overall popularity, however, Sayōnara is not commonly used by Japanese people from day to day, especially between close friends or family.
Sayōnara is actually a formal word, having the connotation of “farewell,” “goodbye for a long time,” or even “goodbye forever.” This word is most often used when someone isn’t sure when they’ll be seeing another person again (or if they’ll meet again at all). Therefore, don’t scare your loved one by telling them Sayōnara, as they may get confused and think that you’re going far away or that you don’t want to see them again!
Example
A:
ごめんなさい、他に好きな人がいるの。さようなら。
Gomen nasai, hoka ni suki na hito ga iru no. Sayōnara.
“I’m sorry, I have feelings for someone else. Goodbye.”
B:
待って、行かないで!別れたくない!
Matte, ikanaide! Wakaretaku nai!
“Wait, don’t go! I don’t want to break up!”
2 – ばいばい (Baibai)
This simple and easy phrase, borrowed from the English phrase “bye-bye,” is very common among close friends and family, though women and younger generations tend to use it more.
Baibai is used very casually. For example, someone may say this to their close friend after chatting with them for a while.
Example
A:
今日は楽しかったね、また遊ぼう。ばいばい!
Kyō wa tanoshikatta ne, mata asobō. Baibai!
“Today was fun, let’s hang out again. Bye-bye!”
B:
うん、またね! ばいばい!
Un, mata ne! Baibai!
“Yeah, see you! Bye-bye!”
天国でも元気でね。さようなら。
Tengoku demo genki de ne. Sayōnara.
“Be well also in heaven. Goodbye.”
3 – Japanese Goodbye Gestures
Bowing is the most basic and essential gesture when it comes to Japanese greetings, especially in formal situations. Whether you’re greeting your boss or a client, you should bow when you say goodbye in Japanese to be polite. The form and length of your bow will depend on the level of respect you have for the other person and/or how official the situation is. To learn all about how to bow properly, please check out our Japanese Body Language article.
On the other hand, Japanese people don’t bow when they say goodbye to friends or family. The most common gesture in casual situations is to wave one’s hand. Simply wave your palm left and right in front of your chest.
Unlike in Western culture, Japanese culture does not have greeting customs that involve hugging or kissing. So, even if it’s a casual occasion, do not astonish Japanese people with hugs or kisses when greeting them. They’ll be very bashful and not know how to react to it!
In formal situations, Japanese people bow when saying goodbye.
2. Various Ways to Say Goodbye in Japanese
Now that the basics are covered, we’ll show you how to say goodbye in Japanese in a variety of situations!
1 -じゃあね (Jā ne)
This is a very casual word used among close friends and family, and it means “See you” or “Bye, then.”
じゃあ (jā) means something like “well then,” and ね (ne) is a Japanese particle that’s put at the end of a sentence to make it sound softer. This particle also has a nuance of seeking the listener’s agreement and confirming a fact.
This is such a natural phrase that using it with your friends will make you sound like a native speaker!
Example
- あ、もう5時だ。行かなくちゃ! じゃあね!
A, mō go-ji da. Ikanakucha! Jā ne!
“Ah, it’s already five o’clock. I gotta go! See you!”
2 – またね (Mata ne)
またね (mata ne) is another very casual phrase you can use with your close friends and family. This one means “See you later.”
また (mata) is a colloquial way of saying “again,” and ね (ne) is the sentence ending particle. The masculine version, またな (mata na), is also commonly used among males.
This is a very natural and common expression that you’ll hear often in Japan.
Example
クラスが始まるからもう行くよ。ばいばい、またね!
Kurasu ga hajimaru kara mō iku yo. Baibai, mata ne!
“I’m going now because the class is starting. Bye, see you later!”
ばいばい、またね!
Bai bai, mata ne!
“Bye, see you later!”
3 – また___ (Mata ___)
This is a useful expression that you can use both casually and in slightly more formal circumstances.
また (mata) means “again,” and you can put any word in the blank that expresses time. Common examples include “later,” “tomorrow,” and “next week.”
Adding では (dewa), which means “then,” in front of the phrase makes it sound a bit more formal, and thus more appropriate for use with colleagues in the workplace.
Vocabulary for Time Words You Can Use
English | Kanji | Hiragana | Reading |
“later” | 後で | あとで | ato de |
“tomorrow” | 明日 | あした | ashita |
“next week” | 来週 | らいしゅう | raishū |
“next month” | 来月 | らいげつ | raigetsu |
“next year” | 来年 | らいねん | rainen |
Example
A:
明日はプロジェクトの大事な日なので、今日はもう帰りましょう。
Ashita wa purojekuto no daiji na hi nanode, kyō wa mō kaerimashō.
“Let’s go home now because tomorrow is an important day for the project.”
B:
はい、ではまた明日。
Hai, dewa mata ashita.
“Yes, see you tomorrow then.”
4 – 元気でね (Genki de ne)
元気でね (genki de ne) can be translated as “Take care of yourself,” “Stay well,” or “All the best.”
This casual phrase is used when someone is going on a long trip or moving to another place.
You can also say お元気で (o-genki de) to make it sound more polite for use in formal situations. The お (o) here is the Japanese honorific prefix that adds a feeling of politeness or respect to a word. For example:
- すし (sushi) >> おすし (o-sushi)
- 水 (mizu) – “water” >> お水 (o-mizu)
- 皿 (sara) – “plate” >> お皿 (o-sara)
Example
新しい町でも友達たくさんできるよ。元気でね!
Atarashii machi de mo tomodachi takusan dekiru yo. Genki de ne!
“You will make a lot of friends in the new town, too. All the best!”
5 – 気をつけてね (Ki o tsukete ne)
This casual phrase means “Take care.”
Similar to the phrase above, 気をつけてね (ki o tsukete ne) is used when someone is going on a trip. However, it can also be used when a family member is leaving home.
To make it more polite, you can say: お気をつけて (o-ki o tsukete).
Example
A:
明日富士山に登りに行くよ。
Ashita Fujisan ni nobori ni iku yo.
“I’m going to climb Mt. Fuji tomorrow.”
B:
気をつけてね。
Ki o tsukete ne.
“Take care.”
山登り気をつけてね。
Yamanobori ki o tsukete ne.
“Take care when climbing the mountains.”
6 – 行ってきます(Ittekimasu) / 行ってらっしゃい (Itterasshai)
行ってきます (ittekimasu) means “I’m leaving (the house),” and it’s a common way to say goodbye to family members when you’re opening the front door to leave.
This phrase is also used between colleagues when a staff member is leaving the office to meet clients outside (if he’s coming back to the office later).
The paired response to 行ってきます (ittekimasu) is 行ってらっしゃい (itterasshai), which literally means “Go and come back.” Those who are staying behind say this phrase to those who are leaving.
Example
A (Kid):
遅刻するー!行ってきます!
Chikoku surū! Ittekimasu!
“I’m getting late! I’m leaving now!”
B (Mom):
行ってらっしゃい。気をつけてね。
Itterasshai. Ki o tsukete ne.
“Bye. Take care.”
-行ってきます! (Ittekimasu!) – “I’m leaving now!”
-行ってらっしゃい。(Itterasshai.) – “Bye, take care.”
7 – 良い1日を (Ii ichi-nichi o)
良い1日を (ii ichi-nichi o) means “(Have) a good day.”
This is the short version of the polite phrase: 良い1日をお過ごしください (Ii ichi-nichi o o-sugoshi kudasai) or “Please have a good day.”
Keep in mind that while the equivalent phrase in English is used often in English-speaking countries, this is not the case for this phrase in Japan. It might be used in a situation where the speaker is a host and the listener is a guest (such as at a hotel).
Example
[From a hotel staff member to hotel guests who are leaving and will come back later]
- お客様、いってらっしゃいませ。良い1日をお過ごしください。
O-kyaku-sama, itterasshai-mase. Ii ichi-nichi o o-sugoshi kudasai.
“Dear guests, please go safely and have a good day.”
8 – 楽しんでね (Tanoshinde ne)
The casual Japanese goodbye phrases 楽しんでね (tanoshinde ne) and 楽しんできてね (tanoshinde kite ne), which mean “have fun” and “have a good time,” are more commonly used than 良い1日を (ii ichi-nichi o).
To make it more polite, you can also say 楽しんでください (tanoshinde kudasai) or 楽しんできてください (tanoshinde kite kudasai).
Example
A:
今から友達と映画にいくの。またね。
Ima kara tomodachi to eiga ni iku no. Mata ne.
“I’m going to watch a movie with my friend. See you.”
B:
いいね。楽しんできてね。
Ii ne. Tanoshinde kite ne.
“That’s nice. Have fun.”
9 – お大事に (Odaiji ni)
お大事に (odaiji ni) means “get well soon,” and it’s frequently used when you’re leaving a person who is sick or injured.
You can use this phrase when you leave your friend’s or family member’s room at a hospital, or when a colleague is leaving work early because they don’t feel well. In addition, doctors often say this to their patients after a consultation.
Example
A:
気分が悪いので早退して病院にいきます。
Kibun ga warui node sōtai shite byōin ni ikimasu.
“I’m leaving the office early and going to see the doctor because I feel sick.”
B:
お大事に。ゆっくり休んでください
Odaiji ni. Yukkuri yasunde kudasai.
“Get well soon. Please rest well.”
-風邪を引いています。Kaze o hiite imasu. – “I have a cold.”
-お大事にどうぞ。Odaiji ni dōzo.- “Please get well soon.”
3. Untranslatable Goodbye Phrases in Japanese
There are numerous untranslatable Japanese phrases which do not have a direct translation in English. Such untranslatable phrases are unique to the Japanese language as they reflect the Japanese culture, which places importance on politeness and respect for social harmony.
Here’s a list of untranslatable goodbye phrases in Japanese:
1 – お疲れ様 (Otsukare-sama)
お疲れ様 (otsukare-sama) is literally translated as “(You must be) tired,” in a respectful manner.
This phrase is often used between colleagues as a greeting, sort of like “see you” or “see you tomorrow.” It can also be used in sport-related situations such as at a gym or sports club.
Japanese people use this phrase to express a feeling of gratitude for hard work, as well as sympathy concerning the tiredness one might feel after working.
Example
A:
今日のトレーニングはキツかったですね。
Kyō no torēningu wa kitsukatta desu ne.
“Today’s training was really tough, wasn’t it?”
B:
お疲れ様でした。また来週。
Otsukare-sama deshita. Mata raishū.
“(We trained so hard and tired.) See you next week.”
2 – お先に失礼します (Osaki ni shitsurei shimasu)
お先に失礼します (osaki ni shitsurei shimasu) is literally translated as “I do impoliteness before you,” meaning “Excuse me for leaving before you.”
This phrase is commonly used as a departure greeting, especially between colleagues.
In the traditional working culture of Japan, people are considered more hardworking when they work long hours. Additionally, due to the seniority tradition, less-experienced employees have invisible yet strong pressure to leave the office later than their bosses or more-experienced colleagues. Therefore, people feel guilty leaving the office earlier than other colleagues. The formal phrase “I do impoliteness before you” is used to excuse the action of leaving early.
There’s also a shorter version of this phrase: お先に (osaki ni), meaning “Before you.” This is used casually among close colleagues or to subordinates.
Example
- 今日は子供の誕生日なので、お先に失礼します。
Kyō wa kodomo no tanjōbi na node, osaki ni shitsurei shimasu.
“Excuse me for leaving before you, (I’m leaving the office now because) today is my kid’s birthday.”
*Japanese people tend to subconsciously feel that they need a good reason for leaving the office earlier.
3 – お世話になりました (O-sewa ni narimashita)
This beautiful untranslatable Japanese phrase is literally translated as “I was taken care of by you,” which means “Thank you for taking care of me/supporting me” in a humble way.
This phrase is often used when you resign from your job and greet colleagues on your last day in the office, or when you finish a course or training that helped grow your career. It shows gratitude toward the people and environment that supported you.
Variations of this phrase are:
- お世話になります (o-sewa ni narimasu) – present tense
- いつもお世話になっております (itsumo o-sewa ni natte orimasu)
These mean “Thank you for your support” and “Thank you for your continued support,” respectively. They’re commonly used in business settings when talking to clients when they visit or send emails.
Example
10年間お世話になりました。素晴らしい同僚と一緒に働けて幸せでした。
Jū-nenkan o-sewa ni narimashita. Subarashii dōryō to issho ni hatarakete shiawase deshita.
“Thank you for taking care of and supporting me for ten years. I was happy to work with such wonderful colleagues.”
お世話になりました (o-sewa ni narimashita) is a typical goodbye phrase on one’s last day of work to say “Thank you for supporting me.”
4 – お邪魔しました (Ojama shimashita)
お邪魔しました (ojama shimashita) is literally translated as “I disturbed/bothered you,” in a humble and polite way. It means “Excuse me for intruding” or “Thank you for having me over.”
In Japan, it’s polite to say this phrase together with “thank you” when you’re invited to someone’s home, and when you’re leaving there. Similarly, when you enter someone’s home, you should say: お邪魔します (ojama shimasu) in the present tense.
You can use this phrase casually or formally whenever you enter someone’s house or property.
Example
ご招待ありがとうございました。お邪魔しました。
Go-shōtai arigatō gozaimashita. Ojama shimashita.
“Thank you for inviting me and having me over.”
For more great information, check out our vocabulary list on the Most Common Ways to Say Goodbye (with audio)!
4. Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
In this article, we introduced how to say goodbye in Japanese in any situation, and also showed you a few untranslatable goodbye phrases in Japanese. I hope you enjoyed today’s topic, and that you were able to take away some valuable information on how Japanese culture relates to its many goodbye phrases.
If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language, you’ll find much more helpful content on JapanesePod101.com. We provide a variety of free lessons to help you improve your Japanese language skills. To get you started, here’s some information about the basics of Japanese to enrich your knowledge:
Please don’t forget to check out the audio and listen to the pronunciation carefully!
And there’s so much more! Learn faster and enjoy studying Japanese at JapanesePod101.com!
Before you go, let us know in the comments if you have any questions about today’s article. We’d be glad to help you out!
Is Japanese Hard to Learn?
If you’re interested in learning the Japanese language but haven’t started yet, you may still be wondering: “Is Japanese hard to learn?” or “What are the hardest and easiest parts of learning Japanese?” No worries! We’ll explain everything you need to know about learning Japanese right here in this article.
Japanese is a unique and fascinating language. Although it’s spoken primarily in Japan, knowing the language is useful not only for fans of Japanese anime and manga, but also for those traveling in Japan. Even a basic understanding of Japanese will allow travelers to enjoy Japan’s wonderful culture to the fullest extent possible, and it’s essential for business if you’re interested in the Asian market.
Considering that Japanese is a major language with 128 million speakers, you can find plenty of language-learning resources. These can range from ordinary textbooks to subcultural “live” materials, such as content on YouTube and Netflix—not to mention the most useful online Japanese-learning platform, JapanesePod101.com!
In this article, we’ll introduce what it’s like to learn Japanese, including what makes Japanese difficult for some learners (and things that learners find pretty easy). We’ll also give you some tips on how to start learning Japanese in the fastest, easiest way possible.
Let’s get started!
Table of Contents- Is it Hard to Learn Japanese?
- The Easiest and Hardest Parts of Learning Japanese
- Want to Learn Japanese? Here’s Where You Should Start!
- Why is JapanesePod101 Great for Learning Japanese?
- Conclusion
Fast, easy learning at JapanesePod101.com!
1. Is it Hard to Learn Japanese?
Or rather, is it hard for English-speakers to learn Japanese?
According to the language difficulty rankings by FSI (Foreign Service Institute), Japanese is a Category 5 language. This is the most difficult category, based on a scale of 1 to 5, and the ranking indicates how many hours of learning a native English-speaker would need to reach General Professional Proficiency in both Reading and Speaking.
However, the difficulty of Japanese for you depends on a number of factors, such as:
- Your learning goals
- Your mother tongue
- How interested you are in the Japanese language and culture
For example, if your learning goal is to be able to have daily conversations (speaking and listening), then learning Japanese may not be as difficult as you think. But if your goal is to be able to read Japanese newspapers and write business documents in Japanese, then keep in mind that this is an extremely difficult task for those who speak English or a Romance language (but fairly easy for Chinese- and Korean-speakers).
In addition, contrary to popular belief, spoken Japanese is said to be relatively easy to master when compared with other languages. Japanese has only five vowel sounds and thirteen consonant sounds, while English has twenty vowel sounds and twenty-four consonant sounds. Moreover, Japanese is a flat-sounding language which doesn’t use many tones or pitches. Thus, English-speakers and speakers of other non-tonal languages can easily learn how to speak and listen to Japanese!
2. The Easiest and Hardest Parts of Learning Japanese
In the following sections, we’ll go over the basics of what makes Japanese hard to learn (and how to overcome those issues). But first, let’s look at the easier aspects of Japanese!
A- What Makes Japanese Easy?
1 – Listening & Speaking
For most people, the goal of learning a new language is to be able to have conversations in that language. Conversation, as one of the most essential parts of communication, requires listening and speaking skills. In this regard, Japanese is actually an easy language to learn!
As mentioned in the previous section, Japanese is a flat-toned language with only five vowels and thirteen consonants. Compared to other languages that have more complex and difficult-to-pronounce sounds, as well as distinct tones and pitches, Japanese is rather simple.
English-speakers, who have already mastered twenty vowel sounds and twenty-four consonant sounds, will have little difficulty listening to and pronouncing Japanese words. (On the other hand, Japanese people always struggle to understand spoken English and pronounce English correctly. It’s difficult for Japanese people to tell the difference between word pairs like club and crab, bun and van, bowling and boring, etc.)
Even if you’re a beginner, you’ll be able to easily recognize and imitate Japanese sounds. There’s no need to be afraid of making mistakes here. Practice speaking as soon as you feel ready!
Speaking and listening are essential skills for conversation!
2 – Simple Grammatical Rules
No Article Needed
In Japanese, you don’t need to put an article in front of nouns. There’s no “a friend” or “the friend,” it’s just “friend,” or 友達 ともだち (tomodachi). How simple is that!
In English, you need to think about whether you should put “a” or “the” in front of a certain noun. Some Romance languages have even more complicated article variations, such as the Italian “un, una, la, le, il, lo, l’, gli, i.”
In Japanese, you only need to say the noun!
Words Don’t Change
In addition, Japanese words (nouns, adjectives, and verbs) do not change based on number, gender, or person. Japanese words are neutral, and there’s no feminine/masculine distinction that affects grammatical forms.
In English, “s” is usually added to a noun to make it plural (such as “friends“). And in Italian, nouns, articles, and adjectives change their forms according to the number (singular/plural) and the gender: mia amica é simpatica (“my friend is nice” – one female) / mio amico é simpatico (“my friend is nice” – one male) / miei amici sono simpatici (“my friends are nice” – plural).
These complicated rules don’t exist in Japanese! This also applies to Japanese verbs: there’s no variation of “is/are” or “do/does” in Japanese.
- 私の友達は親切です。
Watashi no tomodachi wa shinsetsu desu.
“My friend(s) is(are) kind.”
No matter how many people there are, and whether the person is female or male, words don’t change form in Japanese. Super-simple, right?
If you want to specify whether something is singular or plural, you only need to add a number or a word that expresses amount, such as “a few,” “many,” “hundreds of,” etc.
- 私は車を1台持っています。
Watashi wa kuruma o ichi-dai motte imasu.
“I have a car (one car).”
- 彼は1日にたくさんの本を読みます。
Kare wa ichi-nichi ni takusan no hon o yomimasu.
“He reads many books a day (in one day).”
Whether it’s one or three, “apple” is りんご (ringo) in Japanese, with no article.
Only Two Conjugation Exceptions
There are only two verbs that have irregular Japanese conjugation: する (suru), meaning “do,” and 来る (kuru), meaning “come.” Only two irregular verbs! Anyone can easily memorize them.
When you think about irregular verbs in English, the list is tremendously long: “be, go, come, eat, get, say, buy, run, know, take, put, read, send, meet, leave, pay, lay, think, teach, sing, ring, write, begin, drink, fly, draw, bring, feel, fall, have, hear, make, see, sit, shine, mean, stand, sleep….” and a lot more!
This is not the case in Japanese, so go ahead and let out a deep sigh of relief.
3 – Easy Tenses
There are only two tenses in Japanese: present and past. In order to mention something about the future in Japanese, use the present tense and add a word that indicates the future, such as “later,” “tomorrow,” “next month,” etc. In addition, Japanese does not have the perfect tense.
- 私は図書館へ行きます。
Watashi wa toshokan e ikimasu. [Present Tense]
“I go to the library.”
- 私は明日図書館へ行きます。
Watashi wa ashita toshokan e ikimasu. [Present + ashita (“tomorrow”)]
“I will go to the library tomorrow.”
- 私は図書館へ行きました。
Watashi wa toshokan e ikimashita. [Past Tense]
“I went to the library.”
When learning verb tenses, many people find that Japanese is much easier and simpler than English, which has multiple variations: “I go to / I’m going to / I will go to / I went to / I have been to / I have gone to / I had gone to …”
B- Why Japanese is Hard to Learn
1 – The Japanese Writing System
The Japanese language uses three different scripts: Hiragana (ひらがな), Katakana (カタカナ), and Kanji (漢字). This can be a bit confusing for beginners.
Hiragana is a phonetic system with forty-six characters which represent all of the sounds in spoken Japanese. It also includes a few variations which are closely related to specific characters and their sounds. For example, だ (da) is a variation of た (ta).
Katakana also has forty-six characters, which represent the same sounds as Hiragana. It is used mainly for writing words called 外来語 (Gairaigo), which are “imported” from foreign languages such as English. For example, アイスクリーム (aisu kurīmu) means “ice cream.”
Kanji originated from China and has been adopted by the Japanese language. Some Kanji characters are written using the same characters as in Traditional Chinese, but the way in which they’re used and read are unique to Japanese. For example, 新聞 means “newspapers” and it reads as しんぶん (shinbun) in Japanese. But these same characters mean “news” in Chinese, and are pronounced as xīnwén. It’s said that there are 3000-4000 Kanji characters, but there are only 2000 commonly used 常用漢字 (jōyō kanji) characters that are taught to children in schools.
If you’ve gotten the impression that the Japanese writing system is “a bit too complicated,” don’t worry too much!
The good news is that the Latin Alphabet is also used in Japan. Japanese people refer to it as ローマ字 (Rōma-ji), or “Roman letter,” and these letters are used to write a phonetic translation of Japanese words. People who have just started learning Japanese learn Hiragana and Katakana together with Rōma-ji.
In addition, all Japanese sounds end in a vowel (the only exception is ん [n]), and all of the Japanese syllables are very simple sounds. Every sound is written in Hiragana and Katakana. (There is no variation in the pronunciation of a given Japanese letter, such as “A” in the English words “family,” “agent,” and “away.”)
This will make Japanese pronunciation super-easy to learn! You just need to get used to Hiragana and Katakana and how their sounds are pronounced.
2 – Japanese is an SOV Language
A lot of English-speakers get confused with the Japanese word order.
The Japanese sentence structure is SOV, which means that the basic word order in a sentence is S (Subject) – O (Object) – V (Verb). English, on the other hand, is an SVO language: S (Subject) – V (Verb) – O (Object).
(S) (O) (V)
Japanese: Watashi wa toshokan e ikimasu. 私は図書館へ行きます。
( I / the library to / go. )
(S) (V) (O)
English: I go to the library.
The fact that Japanese verbs are always placed at the end of a sentence can be very confusing at first for SVO language-speakers.
You don’t know if it’s an affirmative sentence or a negative one until you hear the very end of that sentence, especially if a sentence is very long.
- 私は昨日友達と話した後に図書館へ行きませんでした。
Watashi wa kinō tomodachi to hanashita ato ni toshokan e ikimasen deshita.
( I / yesterday / friend / with / talked / after / the library / to / go / not / did )
= I did not go to the library after I talked to my friend yesterday.
You may find this aspect of Japanese easier if you remember that the verb (and its negator, if there is one) will always be at the end of the sentence.
However, asking questions in Japanese is consistent and very simple!
There’s no need to change the word order or add a new verb like in English: “She went to the library.” vs. “Did she go to the library?”
All you need to do is add か (ka) to the end of a sentence and say it with a rising tone.
- ➢ 彼女は図書館へ行きます。
Kanojo wa toshokan e ikimasu.
“She goes to the library.”
- ➢ 彼女は図書館へ行きますか。
Kanojo wa toshokan e ikimasu ka.
“Does she go to the library?”
See how easy that is?
Japanese is an SOV language: 彼女は図書館へ行きます (Kanojo wa toshokan e ikimasu.) – She (S) / the library (O) / to / go (V).
3 – Honorific Language
Japanese culture is famous for its politeness and respect, and this cultural aspect is reflected in the language: 敬語 (Keigo), or “honorific language.”
Apart from the casual language, Japanese has the three forms of Keigo, which are:
- 丁寧語 (Teineigo) – “polite language”
- 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo) – “respectful language”
- 謙譲語 (Kenjōgo) – “humble language”
You don’t need to be able to use all of these respectful forms perfectly for daily conversations as long as you can use the basic polite form. However, you’ll often hear Keigo in Japan as a customer or during official/business occasions.
The difficult thing about learning Keigo is that there are different expressions for verbs, and you need to use the appropriate words according to the level of politeness and the person whom you’re referring to.
You can use Teineigo (polite language) to express things politely for more general situations. However, you can neither use Sonkeigo (respectful language) for your own actions nor use Kenjōgo (humble language) for someone respectful (elders, boss, clients, honored person, etc.).
For example, there are three different expressions for “come”:
[ to come : 来る (kuru) ]
- Teineigo (general politeness): 来ます (kimasu)
彼は毎日ジムに来ます。
Kare wa mainichi gimu ni kimasu.
“He comes to the gym every day.”
- Sonkeigo (respectful expression for others): いらっしゃいます (irasshaimasu)
田中様は一時にいらっしゃいます。
Tanaka-sama wa ichi-ji ni irasshaimasu.
“Mr./Ms.Tanaka comes at one o’clock.”
- Kenjōgo (humble expression for yourself): 参ります/ 伺います (mairimasu / ukagaimasu)
私が書類を持って参ります。
Watashi ga shorui o motte mairimasu.
“I will come with the documents.”
If you would like to know more about Keigo and common honorific mistakes, please see our article about Common Japanese Mistakes.
Honorific language is one of the hardest parts of learning Japanese.
3. Want to Learn Japanese? Here’s Where You Should Start!
Now that you know what makes the Japanese language hard to learn (and which parts are easy), have you decided you want to learn it after all? Great! Here are some tips from JapanesePod101.com:
1. Get Motivated
The very first thing you should do is get motivated!
What do you want to do after you learn Japanese? Learn more about Japanese culture? Travel to Japan for work, study, or holiday? Watch Japanese anime and read manga in the original language? Make new Japanese friends?
With your interests and purpose in mind, set a learning goal to keep you motivated. It doesn’t need to be a big goal at first, like passing the advanced level exam, but a small goal you’ll be able to reach quickly.
A small learning goal is something you can work on without too much effort. Examples might include making new Japanese friends online, learning ten new words everyday, watching Japanese TV series everyday, traveling to Japan, or speaking to Japanese people when shopping.
The important thing is to stay motivated and accumulate your achievements in small chunks.
The more motivated you are, the faster you will learn!
2. Learn the Basics
When learning a new language, it’s essential to understand how it works first.
Once you learn the ground rules, such as the sentence structure and pronouns, then focus on learning useful sentence patterns that you can use in a variety of situations. With the most useful and common sentence patterns and phrases, you can adjust and adapt them for new situations as you build your vocabulary.
For beginners, our Top 100 articles are very helpful for building up your vocabulary with useful nouns, verbs, and adjectives. You can also use Flashcards to check and review everything you’re learning.
3. Input, Output, and Repeat
No one can do well at something they’ve never tried before! If you want to be able to speak, then listen, speak, and repeat as many times as possible. Learning by doing is the golden rule for mastering a language.
Japanese, as mentioned above, is easy to learn when it comes to listening and speaking, so you can start practicing at home from Day 1. Check the pronunciation of new words with audio using our Vocabulary Lists, and then repeat the word after the audio recording. After repeating a word or phrase several times, you’ll get used to the sounds and how to pronounce them.
If you’re living or traveling in Japan, you’re privileged with plenty of opportunities to practice in real life. Don’t be afraid, and make the most of your opportunities.
Even if you live outside of Japan, you can take advantage of the Internet age to access numerous learning materials, including JapanesePod101.com and our YouTube channel! You can even interact and practice with your own personal teacher using our MyTeacher program.
4. Have Fun!
To learn and improve your Japanese skills, it’s crucial that you study and practice hard. But don’t let yourself get too bored with traditional learning! Learning is more than studying at a desk with textbooks.
Entertain yourself while learning by watching Japanese movies and series, listening to music, reading comics and novels, etc.
Speaking, listening, reading, and writing are very separate skills, and you need to work on honing each one, depending on your goals. If your learning goal is, for example, focused on practical daily conversations, then such entertainment sources are very helpful. With video, audio, and subtitles, you’ll be able to learn a lot of practical vocabulary and phrases.
Also, check out our articles on how to learn Japanese with netflix and Anime! There are plenty of entertainment sources for learning Japanese.
Learn Japanese with entertainment!
4. Why is JapanesePod101 Great for Learning Japanese?
Many people think that Japanese is a difficult language, but this is only partly true. In reality, Japanese is a unique and interesting language which is actually easier to learn than you think. It’s just different from English, and learners require some strategic planning to learn it effectively.
JapanesePod101 offers a variety of effective and fun learning content for beginners and advanced learners.
1. Comprehensive and Practical Approach
JapanesePod101 offers a comprehensive and balanced approach to help you improve your listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, step-by-step. We also offer focused lessons that look at a particular aspect of the language or culture. Each lesson has easy-to-understand information to keep you hooked.
Depending on your level, you’ll go through effective study materials with audio to improve your listening skills, practice pronouncing new vocabulary, and do writing exercises. Tests and quizzes will also help you check your knowledge.
After each lesson, you’re ready to move forward. Every lesson covers a practical topic or theme that you would encounter in everyday life in Japan.
2. Incredible Free Content
JapanesePod101.com is free but surprisingly affluent with information! We offer a wide range of rich content for learners at every level.
Before beginning your lessons, you may want to take a placement test that will give you a better idea of where to start. Every level has multiple lessons that follow a storyline designed to keep you engaged and learn natural Japanese.
Our free content includes themed vocabulary lists, customizable flashcards to practice your vocabulary, and a dictionary tool where you can search for a word by Latin Alphabet (Rōma-ji) or Japanese. Some of these features can be downloaded onto your computer so you can use them offline!
3. Your Own Teacher
Along with the lessons, our Premium MyTeacher service can accelerate your learning. Yes, you can have your own Japanese teacher by upgrading your account!
With MyTeacher, you can practice your speaking, reading, and writing through interaction with your private teacher. You’ll get personal feedback and tips on how to improve your pronunciation and writing skills. This personalized program and weekly assignments will keep you going, and you’ll also have full access to our self-study learning system.
5. Conclusion
In this article, you’ve learned the answer to “Is Japanese hard to learn?” Learning Japanese is not as difficult as you may think, especially if your goals are focused on verbal communication.
If you would like to explore the Japanese language further, stay with JapanesePod101.com for the fastest and easiest way to fluency. With a variety of rich, free lessons and tools, your Japanese language skills will improve immensely.
Don’t forget that you’re not alone. When you use our MyTeacher service, your own teacher can always help you practice through personalized programs and assignments.
Before you go, let us know in the comments if you feel ready to start learning Japanese. If not, we’d love to hear your questions or concerns, and we’ll be glad to help any way we can.
Now, it’s time to get started at JapanesePod101.com!
Learn About the Common Japanese Mistakes Students Make
Making mistakes is a matter of course when learning a new language. It’s actually good to make a lot of mistakes, because as you learn from correcting them, you’ll deepen your understanding of the language.
There are many common mistakes in Japanese that are easy for new learners to make. This is due to Japanese honorifics (which are unfamiliar to many learners), the various forms of postpositional particles, different grammar structures than in English, and so on. Although it seems complicated at first, once you get used to the patterns, you’ll surely improve your skills and know how to correct yourself when you make a mistake in Japanese.
In this article, we’ll introduce the most common mistakes people make when learning Japanese. Being able to spot these mistakes in Japanese is a sure sign of improvement! Let’s get started here at JapanesePod101.com!
- Common Japanese Pronunciation Mistakes
- Vocabulary Word Mistakes
- Word Order Mistakes in Japanese
- Japanese Grammar Mistakes
- Honorific Mistakes
- The Biggest Mistake
- Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
Mistakes help you learn.
1. Common Japanese Pronunciation Mistakes
Japanese pronunciation mistakes often trip up new learners, so we’ll be covering these first!
1 – Shortening Long Vowels
Shortening long vowels is one of the most common mistakes that Japanese learners make.
All of the Japanese sounds, called ひらがな (Hiragana), always end with a vowel, except for ん (n):
- あ(a)
- い (i)
- う(u)
- え(e)
- お(o)
When the same vowel sounds are next to each other, you pronounce it long.
Examples
- Mother: お母さん / おかあさん – oka・a・san = “o-kā-san” [pronounce “a” longer]
- Far: 遠い / とおい – to・o・i = “tōi” [pronounce “o” longer]
Please pay attention when you’re pronouncing a word, because shortening the vowel can change the word’s meaning. For example:
- おばあさん – oba・a・san = “o-bā-san” [pronounce “a” long, it means “grandmother” / “old woman”]
- おばさん – oba・san = “oba-san“ [pronounce “a” short, it means “aunt” / “middle-aged woman”]
2 – Pronouncing Imported Words with an English Accent
カタカナ (Katakana) is one of the Japanese writing systems. It’s used for Japanese words not covered by 漢字 (Kanji), especially for foreign language words—外来語 (Gairaigo), or loan words—transcribed into Japanese.
Most Japanese learners may think Katakana is very simple and easier to use than Kanji or even Hiragana. However, you need to be careful when it comes to pronunciation.
Although most of the foreign words can be written in Katakana, make sure you pronounce them the Japanese way!
Examples
- Hamburger: ハンバーガー (hanbāgā) = pronounce it as “ha・n・baa・gaa”
- Christmas: クリスマス (kurisumasu) = pronounce it without intonation
- Orange: オレンジ (orenji) = pronounce each Katakana, as in “o・re・n・ji”
- Ticket: チケット (chiketto) = pronounce consonants and following vowels
Please note that the following word pairs are written in the same Katakana, and are pronounced the same way.
- bath / bus: バス (basu) = pronounce each Katakana, as in “ba・su”
- track / truck:トラック (torakku)
- coat / court: コート (kōto) = pronounce “ko” longer.
ハンバーガー (hanbāgā), or “hamburger” = pronounce it as “ha・n・baa・gaa”
3 – Stressing the Wrong Syllables
More common Japanese language mistakes occur when a new learner stresses the wrong syllables of a word.
Examples
- waTAshi わたし
- KOnNIchiwa こんにちは
- DŌ iTAshi MAshite どういたしまして
- SUshi すし
- tenPUra てんぷら
Listen carefully to how native speakers pronounce Japanese words. You’ll notice that most Japanese words lack strong intonation, and are rather flat.
To check the pronunciation of Japanese words, listen to the audio for the 50 Most Common Nouns and Top 10 Hardest Words to Pronounce.
4 – Pronouncing the “R” Sound in Japanese Incorrectly
The Japanese syllabaries Hiragana and Katakana represent syllables and sounds that are totally different from the alphabet and its sounds. Some alphabet sounds can’t be precisely expressed in the Japanese syllabary.
Some of the most confusing sounds may be: ら・り・る・れ・ろ. These are written as “ra, ri, ru, re, ro” in alphabet letters. Keep in mind that you should not roll your tongue when pronouncing the Japanese “r.” It actually sounds closer to the “L” sound.
Examples
- glass: グラス (gurasu) = Even though the original word is “gLass,” it is “guRasu” in Japanese.
- apple: りんご (ringo) = It’s pronounced more like “li.”
- travel: 旅行/りょこう (ryokō) = You don’t roll your tongue to say “ryo.”
- rule: ルール (rūru) = It’s pronounced more like “lu・u・lu,” with the “u” in the middle pronounced longer.
Pay attention when you pronounce “ら (ra) 、り (ri) 、る (ru) 、れ (re) 、ろ (ro)”, such as in りんご (ringo), meaning “apple.”
2. Vocabulary Word Mistakes
Now we’ll go over a few common Japanese mistakes that learners make concerning vocabulary. Pay close attention!
1 – Saying “You” in Japanese
“You” in Japanese is あなた (anata). Unlike English, Japanese doesn’t usually use this pronoun during conversations. The subject or object in a sentence can usually be omitted, especially in casual situations.
Examples
- 窓を開けてくれますか。
Mado o akete kuremasu ka.
“Can (you) open the window?”
- これあげます。
Kore agemasu.
“(I) give (you) this.”
- マリの今日の服かわいいね。
Mari no kyō no fuku kawaii ne.
“Mari’s outfit today is pretty.” (instead of “Your outfit today is pretty.”)
Japanese people use the name of the person they’re speaking to instead of using “you.”
2 – Using the Wrong “I”
Personal pronouns in Japanese are rich in expression, especially the first- and second-person pronouns. There are dozens of expressions for “I,” depending on the gender, politeness, formality, and how you want to express yourself.
Using the wrong word for “I” in a given situation is one of the most common mistakes that Japanese learners make.
Examples
- “I am Kaori Tanaka.” [In a formal occasion when the subject is female]
Wrong: 俺は田中かおりです。(Ore wa Tanaka Kaori desu.)
Correct: 私は田中かおりです。(Watashi (or Watakushi) wa Tanaka Kaori desu.)
- “I am a student.” [In a casual occasion when the subject is male]
Wrong: あたしは学生です。(Atashi wa gakusei desu.)
Correct: 僕 / 俺は学生です。(Boku / ore wa gakusei desu.)
Following are the most frequently used first person pronouns.
Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | Level of Formality | Gender | Characteristics |
watakushi | 私 | わたくし | very formal | both | This is a very formal and polite personal pronoun that’s often used in official occasions. |
watashi | 私 | わたし | formal / informal | both | This one is used by both genders in formal occasions, such as in the workplace. This is the most commonly used word for “I,” but it’s often omitted in sentences. In informal situations, this is typically used by women. |
atashi | ー | あたし | informal | female | This is the casual version of watashi, and it’s used by younger females in conversations. However, it can sound a bit childish and unsophisticated. |
boku | 僕 | ぼく | informal | male | This pronoun is used by males of all ages, but very often by kids and younger men. It gives an impression of humbleness. This can also be used as a second-person pronoun toward little boys (English equivalent: “kid”). |
ore | 俺 | おれ | very informal | male | This is frequently used by men in informal settings, such as among family and friends. It sounds very masculine. This can be rude when it’s used in formal occasions or in front of respectable/senior people. |
3 – Using the Wrong Casual Language
There are some sentence-ending particles in Japanese which are colloquial expressions and used only in casual situations.
Some are feminine and used by females, such as:
- -よ (-yo)
- -わ (-wa)
- -わよ (-wa yo)
And some are masculine, such as:
- -ぜ (-ze)
- -だぜ (-da ze)
Such sentence-ending particles don’t have a particular meaning; they just add emphasis or a sense of femininity or masculinity.
Make sure you use the correct suffix, otherwise you’d sound very strange!
Examples
- “I cleaned it.” [When the subject is a man]
Wrong: 私が掃除したわよ。(Watashi ga sōji shita wa yo.)
Correct: 俺が掃除したぜ。(Ore ga sōji shita ze.) [it sounds a bit rough]
- “It’s okay!” [When the subject is a woman]
Wrong: いいぜ!(Ii ze!)
Correct: いいわよ!・いいわ! (Ii wa yo! / Ii wa!)
俺が掃除したぜ。(Ore ga sōji shita ze.) = “I cleaned it.” – in a masculine and slightly rough manner
3. Word Order Mistakes in Japanese
You probably know already that Japanese uses a different sentence structure and word order than English. Many Japanese language mistakes by English-speakers have to do with word order confusion.
1 – Japanese is SOV
The word order of Japanese sentences may be confusing for learners whose native language is an SVO type, because the Japanese sentence structure is SOV: S (subject) – O (object) – V (verb).
(S) (O) (V)
Japanese: Watashi wa ringo o tabemasu. 私はりんごを食べます。
(S) (V) (O)
English: I eat an apple.
When it comes to making a negative sentence, the word indicating negativity comes at the end of the sentence.
Japanese: Kyō watashi wa ringo o hitotsu mo tabemasen. 今日私はりんごを一つも食べません。
[Literal meaning] today / I / apple / any (even one) / eat / not
English: I did not eat any apples today.
Make sure you don’t get confused and try to say: Watashi wa tabemasen hitostumo ringo o kyō.
2 – Adjective + Noun
Another word order mistake is to place the adjective and noun incorrectly in a sentence.
Remember that adjectives always come in front of nouns in Japanese.
Make sure you don’t put adjectives after nouns like you would in other languages such as Italian (mela verde = “apple green”) or French (pomme verte = “apple green”).
Correct: 赤いりんご (akai ringo) = “red apple”
Wrong: りんご赤い (ringo akai) = “apple red”
Examples
- 安い靴 (yasui kutsu) = “cheap shoes”
- 寒い日 (samui hi) = “cold day”
- 丸い形 (marui katachi) = “round shape”
- 親切な人 (shinsetsu na hito) = “kind person”
- 静かな部屋 (shizuka na heya) = “quiet room”
4. Japanese Grammar Mistakes
Many new learners struggle with certain concepts of Japanese grammar, so pay close attention to avoid these mistakes yourself.
1 – Usage of Postpositional Particles
There are multiple positional particles in Japanese, and learning how to use them correctly can be a challenge.
Some particles are used for similar purposes, but it’s still important to know the distinction between them.
- は (-wa) and が (-ga)
は (-wa) is the topic marker particle. It’s placed after the word to be marked as the topic of a sentence, defining that word as a subject or an object.
- ➢ 彼は医者です。(Kare wa isha desu.) = “He is a doctor.”
➢ たかしは駅に行きます。(Takashi wa eki ni ikimasu.) = “Takashi goes to the station.”
On the other hand, the particle が (-ga) is the subject marker, which emphasizes the subject.
- ➢ 彼が医者です。(Kare ga isha desu.)
This is also translated as “He is a doctor,” but it has a nuance of “He is the one who is a doctor.”
➢ たかしが駅に行きます。(Takashi ga eki ni ikimasu.)
This is also translated as “Takashi goes to the station,” but it has a nuance of “It is Takashi who goes to the station.”
- で (-de) and に (-ni)
Both で (-de) and に (-ni) are used as locatives. However, there are many differences between them.
で (-de) is used as a locative particle, as well as an instrumental particle. When it’s used as a locative particle, it defines where an action or occurrence took place, especially those linked with active cases.
- ➢ 私は家で勉強します。
Watashi wa ie de benkyō shimasu.
“I study at home.”
➢ 彼は池で溺れた。
Kare wa ike de oboreta.
“He drowned in a pond.”
で (-de) is also used as an instrumental particle which can be translated as “using,” “by,” or “with.”
- ➢ まりこは箸でパスタを食べます。
Mariko wa hashi de pasuta o tabemasu.
“Mariko eats pasta with chopsticks.”
➢ その生徒はバスで大学へ行きます。
Sono seito wa basu de daigaku e ikimasu.
“The student goes to university by bus.”
On the other hand, the locative particle に (-ni) indicates a place or time, and it can be translated as “to,” “on,” “at,” or “in.” When used as a locative particle, it’s differentiated from で (-de) according to existence and passive cases. It’s also used when the result of an action or occurrence is being realized in that place.
- ➢ 彼は椅子に座った。
Kare wa isu ni suwatta.
“He sat on the chair.”
➢ 私は浅草に住んでいます。
Watashi wa Asakusa ni sunde imasu.
“I live in Asakusa.”
➢ 本は図書館にあります。
Hon wa toshokan ni arimasu.
“The books are in the library.”
➢ お昼におにぎりを食べました。
O-hiru ni onigiri o tabemashita.
“(I) ate Onigiri at lunch.”
2 – Differentiating Between いる (iru) and ある (aru)
Many foreign learners struggle to differentiate between いる (iru) and ある (aru), as both are translated as “there is (are)” in English.
The easiest way to differentiate them is to remember that いる (iru) is used for living things and ある (aru) is used for objects and living things which are already deceased.
The polite form of いる (iru) is います (imasu), and the polite form of ある (aru) is あります (arimasu).
- いる (iru)
➢ 台所に誰かがいる。
Daidokoro ni dareka ga iru.
“There is someone in the kitchen.”
➢ 豚が一匹庭にいる。
Buta ga ippiki niwa ni iru.
“There is a pig in the garden.”
➢ 彼らは今渋谷にいます。
Kare-ra wa ima Shibuya ni imasu.
“They are in Shibuya now.”
- ある (aru)
➢ 台所にテレビがある。
Daidokoro ni terebi ga aru.
“There is a TV in the kitchen.”
➢ 豚肉ステーキが冷蔵庫にある。
Butaniku sutēki ga reizōko ni aru.
“There is a pork steak in the fridge.”
➢ 渋谷にハチ公像があります。
Shibuya ni Hachikōzō ga arimasu.
“There is a statue of Hachikō in Shibuya.”
O 台所に誰かがいる。(Daidokoro ni dareka ga iru.) – “There is someone in the kitchen.
“X 台所に誰かがある。(Daidokoro ni dareka ga aru.)
3 – Past Tense of い (i)-Adjectives
There are two types of adjectives in Japanese: い (i)-adjectives and な (na)-adjectives.
い (i)-adjectives always end with the Hiragana character い (i). Examples include:
- 丸い (marui) – “round”
- 暑い (atsui) – “hot”
- 楽しい (tanoshii) – “fun”
な (na)-adjectives consist of adjectival nouns and a form of the copula な (na). Examples include:
- 親切な (shinsetsu na) – “kind”
- 穏やかな (odayaka na) – “mild” / “calm”
- 曖昧な (aimai na) – “vague” / “ambiguous”
Adding でした (deshita), which is the past tense of です (desu), makes an adjective polite.
Another common mistake in Japanese is often seen in the past tense of the copula (“be” / “is”). After い (i)-adjectives, this is a mistake; however, it’s okay to do so in the case of な (na)-adjectives.
Instead, conjugate い (i)-adjectives to the “adjective stem + かった (-katta)” form for the past tense.
Examples
- “It was difficult.” [present tense of “difficult” : 難しい (muzukashii)]
Wrong: 難しいでした。(Muzukashii deshita.)
Correct: 難しかった。(Muzukashikatta.)
- “She was beautiful.” [present tense of “beautiful” : 美しい (utsukushii)]
Wrong: 彼女は美しいでした。(Kanojo wa utsukushii deshita.)
Correct: 彼女は美しかった。(Kanojo wa utsukushikatta.)
5. Honorific Mistakes
The honorific language is another source of confusion and Japanese mistakes for learners.
While it’s generally adequate to be able to use the basic polite form for daily life, it’s good to learn 敬語 (Keigo) to deepen your understanding of the Japanese language. Even if you don’t use them, you’ll hear a lot of honorifics as a customer in Japanese stores and restaurants.
Japanese Keigo has three forms of respectful speech, which are:
- 丁寧語 (Teineigo) – polite language
- 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo) – respectful language
- 謙譲語 (Kenjōgo) – humble language
Being able to use the appropriate honorifics is considered good manners for adults in Japan, especially at work and in many social situations.
- 丁寧語 (Teineigo) – polite language
This is used to express things politely. It’s used for any person and in any situation.
- 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo) – respectful language
This is used to show respect by expressing things that heighten action, status, or things of other people. It’s used when talking about someone superior to you, clients, and customers. Do not use this to talk about yourself.
- 謙譲語 (Kenjōgo) – humble language
This is used to show respect by expressing things that lower/humble yourself in comparison to the other person. It’s used to tell someone about your action or status. Do not use this to talk about another person.
The following is a list of frequently used verbs of honorifics in the present tense.
English | Basic Verb | 丁寧語 Teineigo (polite language) | 尊敬語 Sonkeigo (respectful language) | 謙譲語 Kenjōgo (humble language) |
do | する suru | します shimasu | なさいます nasaimasu | いたします itashimasu |
say | 言う iu | 言います iimasu | おっしゃいます osshaimasu | 申します/ 申し上げます mōshimasu / mōshiagemasu |
go | 行くiku | 行きます ikimasu | いらっしゃいます irasshaimasu | 参ります / 伺います mairimasu / ukagaimasu |
come | 来る kuru | 来ます kimasu | いらっしゃいます / おいでになります irasshaimasu / oide ni narimasu | 参ります mairimasu |
know | 知る shiru | 知ります shirimasu | お知りになります / ご存じです o-shiri ni narimasu / gozonji desu | 存じます zonjimasu |
eat | 食べる taberu | 食べます tabemasu | 召し上がります meshiagarimasu | いただきます itadakimasu |
be | いる iru | います imasu | いらっしゃいます irasshaimasu | おります orimasu |
see / look | 見る miru | 見ます mimasu | ご覧になります goran ni narimasu | 拝見します haiken shimsu |
give | あげる ageru | あげます agemasu | おあげになります o-age ni narimasu | 差し上げます sashiagemasu |
To customers/clients : 感謝申し上げます。(Kansha mōshiagemasu.) – “I tell you thank you.” [in a respectful way]
6. The Biggest Mistake
What is the biggest mistake when learning Japanese?
Yes, the biggest mistake is to be afraid of making mistakes!
Speak and practice proactively over the course of your studies. When you make mistakes, you’ll improve your Japanese skills by correcting those mistakes.
When you don’t know something and wonder what it is and how it works, don’t hesitate to ask!
- 聞くは一時の恥聞かぬは一生の恥
Kiku wa ittoki no haji, kikanu wa isshō no haji
This is the famous Japanese proverb for learners. It means: “The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute; the man who does not ask is a fool for life.”
The direct translation is: “Asking is shameful temporarily; not asking is shameful for life.”
As the Japanese culture is one of shame, honor, and collective harmony, the proverb uses the word 恥 (haji), meaning “shame” for a life lesson. It’s more shameful to not ask and be ignorant for the rest of your life than it is to ask and learn.
7. Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
In this article, we introduced the ten most common mistakes students make when learning Japanese. Whether you’re a beginner or advanced learner, this information will surely deepen your understanding and help you improve your Japanese skills!
If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language, you’ll find a lot more helpful content on JapanesePod101.com. We provide a variety of free lessons to help you improve your Japanese language skills.
Here’s some more information about the basics of Japanese to enrich your knowledge:
Please don’t forget to check out the audio and listen to the pronunciation carefully!
And there’s so much more waiting for you! Learn faster and enjoy studying Japanese at JapanesePod101.com!
Before you go, let us know in the comments how many of these mistakes you’ve made before, and how you overcame them. We look forward to hearing from you!
The 10 Most Useful Japanese Questions and Answers
Have you ever tried to use a newly learned Japanese phrase, only to panic when you couldn’t understand your interlocutor’s reply?
Whether you’re making new Japanese friends or traveling in Japan, knowing how to give questions and answers in Japanese will allow for smoother communication. Learning how to ask Japanese questions will also help you better understand Japanese, and improve your speaking and listening skills. The keys to mastering these skills early on are to speak a lot and practice!
In this article, we’ll introduce the ten most useful Japanese question & answer patterns. Even if you’re just getting started, you can start having basic conversations with these phrases! Learn how to speak Japanese here at JapanesePod101.com!
First things first, though: How do you form questions in Japanese?
Japanese questions are easy to recognize because the question particle か (ka) always appears at the end (formal / polite form), and questions are asked with a rising tone.
- What’s your name?
- Where are you from?
- Do you speak Japanese?
- How long have you been studying Japanese?
- Have you been to [location]?
- How is ___?
- Do you like [country’s] food?
- What are you doing?
- What’s wrong?
- How much is this?
- How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
1. What’s your name?
Question:
- Japanese: (あなたの)名前は何ですか。
- Reading: (Anata no) namae wa nan desu ka.
- English: “What is (your) name?”
This is one of the most common phrases that’s used when meeting someone new. The Japanese possessive case あなたの (anata no), meaning “your,” can be omitted when the context makes it clear whose name you’re talking about. Especially in casual conversations, the subject and possessive case (noun + possessive particle の) are often omitted; this sounds more natural.
Answer:
(1) Polite
- Japanese: 私の名前は___です。
- Reading: Watashi no namae wa ___ desu.
- English: “My name is ___.”
This is the most common way to give someone your name.
(2) Casually Polite
- Japanese: (私は)___です。
- Reading: (Watashi wa) ___ desu.
- English: “(I) am ___.”
This is another common phrase for giving someone your name. In a casual conversation, you can omit the subject 私は (Watashi wa), meaning “I.”
(3) Very Polite
- Japanese: ___と申します。
- Reading: ___ to mōshimasu.
- English: “I am ___.” (honorific language – humble expression)
Japanese uses honorific language, called 敬語 (Keigo), which has various expressions that connote different levels of politeness and respect.
This phrase is a humble expression that’s used in official occasions where you should speak very politely, or when you’re talking to someone who is very honorable.
Example:
Q: 名前は何ですか。
Namae wa nan desu ka.
“What is your name?”
A: 私の名前はかおりです。
Watashi no namae wa Kaori desu.
“My name is Kaori.”
Q: あなたの名前は何ですか。(What is your name?)
A: はじめまして、私はゆりです。(Nice to meet you. I’m Yuri.)
2. Where are you from?
Question:
- Japanese: (あなたの)出身はどこですか。
- Reading: (Anata no) shusshin wa doko desu ka.
- English: “Where are you from?”
This is one of the most popular Japanese questions that foreigners may be asked. あなたの出身はどこですか。literally translates as “Where is your hometown?”
The possessive case あなたの (anata no), meaning “your,” can be omitted in casual situations. In order to ask more politely, use the word どちら (dochira) instead of どこ (doko).
Answer:
(1)
- Japanese: (私は)___出身です。
- Reading: (Watashi wa) ___ shusshin desu.
- English: “(I) am from (my origin is) ___.”
This is a typical way to answer the question.
The word 出身 (shusshin) refers to a person’s origin, such as his or her hometown, city, or country. If you’re a foreigner in Japan, you can put your country name in the blank.
The subject 私は (Watashi wa), or “I,” can be omitted in casual situations.
(2)
- Japanese: (私は)___から来ました。
- Reading: (Watashi wa) ___ kara kimashita.
- English: “(I) come from ___.”
This is another common way to answer, and once again, the subject can be omitted in casual situations.
Example:
Q: あなたの出身はどこですか。
Anata no shusshin wa doko desu ka.
“Where are you from?”
A: 私は東京出身です。
Watashi wa Tōkyō shusshin desu.
“I’m from Tokyo.”
3. Do you speak Japanese?
These basic questions and answers in Japanese will be extremely helpful for you while in Japan.
Question:
(1)
- Japanese: (あなたは) ___を話しますか。
- Reading: (Anata wa) ___ o hanashimasu ka.
- English: “Do you speak ___?”
The subject あなたは (Anata wa), meaning “you,” can be omitted in casual situations.
(2)
- Japanese: (あなたは) ___を話せますか。
- Reading: (Anata wa) o hanasemasu ka.
- English: “Can you speak ___?”
This question sounds similar to the one above, but it indicates “speaking ability” by changing 話します (hanashimasu) into 話せます (hanasemasu).
The subject can be omitted in casual situations.
Language Vocabulary
In Japanese, the name of a language is expressed with the word 語 (-go), meaning “language,” attached after the name of a language or country.
English | Japanese | Reading |
English | 英語 | Eigo |
Japanese | 日本語 | Nihon-go |
French | フランス語 | Furansu-go |
Italian | イタリア語 | Itaria-go |
German | ドイツ語 | Doitsu-go |
Spanish | スペイン語 | Supein-go |
Russian | ロシア語 | Roshia-go |
Chinese | 中国語 | Chūgoku-go |
Korean | 韓国語 | Kankoku-go |
Thai | タイ語 | Tai-go |
Vietnamese | ベトナム語 | Betonamu-go |
Answer:
(1)
- Japanese: 私は___を話します。
- Reading: Watashi wa ___ o hanashimasu.
- English: “I speak ___.”
(2)
- Japanese: 私は___を話せます。
- Reading: Watashi wa ___ o hanasemasu.
- English: “I can speak ___.”
(3)
- Japanese: 私は___を話せません。
- Reading: Watashi wa ___ o hanasemasen.
- English: “I can’t speak ___.”
This is a negative form you can use to say that you can’t speak the language.
Example:
Q: あなたは日本語を話しますか。
Anata wa Nihon-go o hanashimasu ka.
“Do you speak Japanese?”
A: はい、私は少し日本語を話します。
Hai, watashi wa sukoshi Nihon-go o hanashimasu.
“Yes, I speak Japanese a little.”
Q: 日本語を話せますか。(Can you speak Japanese?)
A: 私は日本語を話せます。(I can speak Japanese.)
4. How long have you been studying Japanese?
Question:
- Japanese: どのくらい___を勉強していますか。
- Reading: Dono kurai ___ o benkyō shite imasu ka.
- English: “How long have you been studying ___?”
どのくらい (Dono kurai) literally translates as “to what extent,” but in this case, it refers to “how long.”
If you come from abroad and speak a bit of Japanese while in Japan, Japanese people will be very curious and ask you this question.
Answer:
(1)
- Japanese: ___か月です。
- Reading: ___-kagetsu desu.
- English: “For ___ month(s).”
If you’ve been learning Japanese for a few months, you can use this phrase to answer. Put the number of months in the blank.
___-kagetsu desu literally means “It’s ___ month(s).”
There’s no difference in expression for singular and plural in Japanese. So whether you’ve been learning for one month or several, the phrase remains the same.
(2)
- Japanese: ___年です。
- Reading: ___-nen desu.
- English: “For ___ year(s).”
Use this phrase if you’ve been studying for one or more years.
___-nen desu literally means “It’s ___ year(s).”
Example:
Q: どのくらい日本語を勉強していますか。
Dono kurai Nihon-go o benkyō shite imasu ka.
“How long have you been studying Japanese?”
A: 1年5か月です。
Ichi-nen go-kagetsu desu.
“For a year and five months.”
5. Have you been to [location]?
Question:
- Japanese: ___に行ったことがありますか。
- Reading: ___ ni itta koto ga arimasu ka.
- English: “Have you been to ___?”
-ことがあります (-koto ga arimasu) is an expression meaning “to have done (something),” and it’s used after the past tense form of a verb. In this case, that would be 行った (itta), meaning “went.” It’s translated as “Have you been to ___?”
You can put the name of any place in the blank.
Answer:
(1)
- Japanese: はい、行ったことがあります。
- Reading: Hai, itta koto ga arimasu.
- English: “Yes, I have been.”
(2)
- Japanese: いいえ、行ったことがありません。
- Reading: Iie, itta koto ga arimasen.
- English: “No, I have never been.”
This is a negative sentence for answering “no.”
Example:
Q: 皇居に行ったことがありますか。
Kōkyo ni itta koto ga arimasu ka.
“Have you been to the Imperial Palace?”
A: いいえ、行ったことがありません。
Iie, itta koto ga arimasen.
“No, I have never been.”
Q: 皇居に行ったことがありますか。 (Have you been to the Imperial Palace?)
A: はい、行ったことがあります。 (Yes, I have been.)
6. How is ___?
Question:
- Japanese: ___ はどうですか。
- Reading: ___ wa dō desu ka.
- English: “How is ___?”
This is a common phrase to ask about the condition, situation, or status of something.
What Can You Ask About?
- ➢ 調子はどうですか。 (Chōshi wa dō desu ka.) – “How is the condition?”
調子 means “condition,” and in this case, it means “How are you doing?” or “How is it going?”
- ➢ 勉強はどうですか。 (Benkyō wa dō desu ka.) – “How is studying?”
- ➢ 仕事の進み具合はどうですか。(Shigoto no susumiguai wa dō desu ka.) – “How is the progress of work?”
Answer:
(1)
- Japanese: 良いです。
- Reading: Ii desu.
- English: “It’s good.”
うまく行っています (umaku itte imasu), meaning “It’s going good,” is another common expression you can use to say that something’s going well.
(2)
- Japanese: まあまあです。
- Reading: Mā-mā desu.
- English: “So-so.”
This phrase is very common, and it’s used to say that something is relatively good.
(3)
- Japanese: あまり良くないです。
- Reading: Amari yokunai desu.
- English: “It’s not so good.”
You can use this phrase when things aren’t going very well. Japanese people tend to avoid straightforward words like “bad,” even if something is bad; they prefer to use euphemistic expressions.
Example:
Q: 体調はどうですか。
Taichō wa dō desu ka.
“How is your body condition?” / “How are you feeling?”
A: まあまあです。
Mā-mā desu.
“So-so.”
Q: 勉強はどうですか。 (How is studying?)
A: うまく行っています。(It’s going good.)
7. Do you like [country’s] food?
Question:
- Japanese: ___ 料理は好きですか。
- Reading: ___ ryōri wa suki desu ka.
- English: “Do you like ___ food?”
To express a country’s food, put the name of the country in the blank and add 料理 (ryōri) after it. 料理 (ryōri) means “cuisine” or “cooking.”
Cuisine Vocabulary:
English | Japanese | Reading |
Japanese food | 日本料理 | Nihon ryōri |
Chinese food | 中華料理 | Chūka ryōri |
Korean food | 韓国料理 | Kankoku ryōri |
French food | フランス料理 | Furansu ryōri |
Italian food | イタリア料理 | Itaria ryōri |
Spanish food | スペイン料理 | Supein ryōri |
Indian food | インド料理 | Indo ryōri |
Thai food | タイ料理 | Tai ryōri |
Answer:
(1)
- Japanese: はい、好きです。
- Reading: Hai, suki desu.
- English: “Yes, I like it.”
(2)
- Japanese: まあまあ好きです。
- Reading: Mā-mā suki desu.
- English: “I somewhat like it.”
This phrase is a very common way to say that you relatively like something.
(3)
- Japanese: いいえ、好きではありません。
- Reading: Iie, suki de wa arimasen.
- English: “No, I don’t like it.”
This is a simple phrase to answer that you don’t like something. However, some Japanese people tend to use more euphemistic expressions to avoid saying “no.”
In such cases, you can also say ___料理は苦手です (___ ryōri wa nigate desu), which means “I’m not good with ___.”
Example:
Q: フランス料理は好きですか。
Furansu ryōri wa suki desu ka.
“Do you like French food?”
A: はい、好きです。
Hai, suki desu.
“Yes, I like it.”
8. What are you doing?
Question:
- Japanese: 何をしていますか。
- Reading: Nani o shite imasu ka.
- English: “What (are you) doing?”
There’s also a shorter version you can say: 何してますか。(Nani shite masu ka.) It’s still polite, but it sounds more casual.
This Japanese expression doesn’t have a particular subject. Therefore, if you add a subject, such as 彼女は (kanojo wa) meaning “she” or 彼は (kare wa) meaning “he,” to the beginning of the sentence, it becomes “What is she / he doing?”
Answer:
Answers can vary, but here are some general answers to the question.
(1)
- Japanese: ___ をしています。
- Reading: ___ o shite imasu.
- English: “(I’m) doing ___.”
To answer the question, put a suitable noun in the blank. Some Japanese nouns belong to a group that allows the noun to turn into a verb when attached with the verb する (suru), meaning “do.“ For example:
演技する (engi suru) = 演技 (engi), meaning “acting” + する (suru), meaning “do” —–> “to act”
This phrase works well with this kind of noun.
This Japanese expression doesn’t have a particular subject, so if you add a subject, such as 彼女は (kanojo wa) meaning “she” or 彼は (kare wa) meaning “he,” to the beginning of the sentence, it becomes: “She / he is doing ___.”
How to Use:
- ➢ 仕事をしています。(Shigoto o shite imasu.) – “I’m doing work.” = “I’m working.”
➢ 勉強をしています。(Benkyō o shite imasu.) – “I’m doing study.” = “I’m studying.”
➢ 食事をしています。(Shokuji o shite imasu.) – “I’m doing meal.” = “I’m having a meal.”
(2)
- Japanese: ___ています。
- Reading: ___-te imasu.
- English: “(I’m) ___ing.”
This is another common phrase for telling someone what you’re doing. You can put any Japanese verb in the blank. The verb must be conjugated in a form that -ている(-te iru) can follow.
How to Use:
- ➢ 見ています。(Mite imasu.) – “I’m watching/looking.”
➢ 歩いています。(Aruite imasu.) – “I’m walking.”
➢ 食べています。(Tabete imasu.) – “I’m eating.”
Example:
Q: 何をしていますか。
Nani o shite imasu ka.
“What are you doing?”
A: 映画を見ています。
Eiga o mite imasu.
“I’m watching a movie.”
Q:何をしていますか。 (What are you doing?)
A: 本を読んでいます。 (I’m reading a book.)
9. What’s wrong?
Question:
- Japanese: どうしましたか。
- Reading: Dō shimashita ka.
- English: “What’s wrong?” / “What’s the matter?”
A similar phrase is どうかしましたか。(Dō ka shimashita ka.) which means the same thing.
Answer:
Answers can vary, but here are some examples.
(1)
- Japanese: 何でもないです。
- Reading: Nan demo nai desu.
- English: “It’s nothing.” / “There’s nothing wrong.”
何でもない (Nan demo nai) means “nothing.”
(2)
- Japanese: 疲れています。
- Reading: Tsukarete imasu.
- English: “I’m tired.”
(3)
- Japanese: 気分が悪いです。
- Reading: Kibun ga warui desu.
- English: “I don’t feel good.”
This literally translates as “feeling is bad,” but in this case, it means “I don’t feel good/well.”
Example:
Q: どうしましたか。 顔色が悪いですよ。
Dō shimashita ka. Kaoiro ga warui desu yo.
“What’s wrong? You look pale.”
A: 少し疲れています。
Sukoshi tsukarete imasu.
“I’m a bit tired.”
10. How much is this?
Question:
- Japanese: これはいくらですか。
- Reading: Kore wa ikura desu ka.
- English: “How much is this?”
This is a must-know phrase if you plan on shopping during your trip to Japan.
Answer:
- Japanese: これは___円です。
- Reading: Kore wa ___-en desu.
- English: “It’s ¥___.”
The Japanese currency is 円, which is actually pronounced as えん (en). The currency symbol is ¥.
Example:
Q: この本はいくらですか。
Kono hon wa ikura desu ka.
Kono hon wa ikura desu ka.
A: この本は1000円です。
Kono hon wa sen-en desu.
“This book is ¥1000.”
For more useful shopping phrases with audio, please check out this lesson on 15 Shopping Phrases: Exchanges, Refunds, and Complaints!
11. How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
In this article, we introduced the ten most useful Japanese question & answer patterns. After learning these, you’ll have strong survival Japanese communication skills!
If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language, you’ll find even more helpful content on JapanesePod101.com. We provide a variety of free lessons that will help you improve your Japanese language skills.
Here are some more lessons with audio about the basics of Japanese:
For beginners, our lesson on the Top 25 Must-Know Phrases is a must-read!
And there’s so much more! Learn faster and enjoy studying Japanese at JapanesePod101.com!
Before you go, let us know in the comments if there are any Japanese questions and answers you still want to know! We’d be glad to help, and look forward to hearing from you!
The 10 Most Useful Japanese Sentence Patterns
Learning a new language is fun, but it requires a lot of effort—studying the complicated grammar rules and memorizing thousands of words. But we have a tip for you! The fastest and easiest way to learn Japanese is to just focus on the most useful and common Japanese sentence patterns and start speaking them!
The most frequently used Japanese sentence patterns are useful for survival communication and day-to-day interactions. When you know the essential sentence patterns in Japanese, you can arrange and create more sentences to express yourself and have conversations.
In this article, we’ll introduce the ten most useful Japanese sentence patterns, which cover the most basic statements and questions. Boost your Japanese conversation skills here at JapanesePod101.com!
- A is B – AはBです
- Asking Simple Questions: Is A B? AはBですか。
- I Want (to)… …が欲しいです/…たいです
- I Need (to)… …が必要です/…(する)必要があります
- I like … …が好きです
- Please (do) … ….(して)ください
- May I / Can I (Do) …? ….(しても)いいですか。/a>
- What is …? ….は何ですか?
- When is …? ….はいつですか?
- Where is …? ….はどこですか?
- Conclusion: How JapanesePod101.com Can Help You Learn More Japanese
With the top 10 Japanese sentence patterns, you can easily have simple conversations!
1. A is B – AはBです
“A is B“ = A (wa) B (desu) or A は B です
This is the simplest Japanese sentence construction for describing something. A is usually a noun and B can be a noun or an adjective.
です (desu) is the basic predicate that represents politeness; it’s placed at the end of a Japanese sentence.
The Japanese sentence structure is SOV (Subject + Object + Verb), while English has an SVO structure (Subject + Verb + Object).
Examples:
- 私は学生です。(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) — “I am a student.”
- 彼は私の友達です。(Kare wa watashi no tomodachi desu.) — “He is my friend.”
- このご飯は美味しいです。(Kono gohan wa oishii desu.) — “This meal is delicious.”
- あのレストランは海鮮料理で有名です。(Ano resutoran wa kaisen ryōri de yūmei desu.) — “That restaurant is famous for seafood.”
- 今年の夏は去年より暑いです。 (Kotoshi no natsu wa kyonen yori atsui desu.) — “This summer is hotter than the one last year.”
For more about Japanese nouns and adjectives, please check out our pages on the 50 Most Common Nouns and 50 Most Common Adjectives.
2. Asking Simple Questions: Is A B? AはBですか。
“Is A B ?“ = A (wa) B (desu ka) or A は B ですか。
Here’s the most common question sentence pattern in Japanese.
To make a Japanese interrogative sentence, simply add the question marker か (ka) to the end of an affirmative sentence and pronounce it with a rising intonation.
Examples:
- あなたは学生ですか。(Anata wa gakusei desu ka.) — “Are you a student?”
- 彼らはあなたの友達ですか。(Kare-ra wa anata no tomodachi desu ka.) — “Are they your friends?”
- その本は難しいですか。(Sono hon wa muzukashii desu ka.) — “Is that book difficult?”
- 今日の天気は雨のち曇りですか。(Kyō no tenki wa ame nochi kumori desu ka.) — “Is the weather today cloudy after rain?”
- 駅の隣のビルは銀行ですか。(Eki no tonari no biru wa ginkō desu ka.) — “Is the building next to the station a bank?”
Ashita wa hare desu ka. = “Is tomorrow sunny?”
3. I Want (to)… …が欲しいです/…たいです
“I want …“ = [noun] …が欲しい です (ga hoshii desu)
“I want to …“ = [verb] …たい です (-tai desu)
These are the simplest Japanese sentence patterns for expressing “want.”
These Japanese phrases differ depending on whether you want something [noun] or want to do something [verb], as indicated above.
Keep in mind that the subject can be omitted from a Japanese sentence when it’s clear from the context who the subject is.
Japanese verb conjugation is NOT affected by the person (I, you, he, she, we, they), number (singular/plural), or gender (female/male) of the subject.
Examples using a noun:
- (私は)水が欲しいです。([Watashi wa] mizu ga hoshii desu.) — “I want water.”
- (私は)新しい車が欲しいです。([Watashi wa] atarashii kuruma ga hoshii desu.) — “I want a new car.”
- 誕生日にダイヤの指輪が欲しいです。(Tanjōbi ni daiya no yubiwa ga hoshii desu.) — “I want a diamond ring for (my) birthday.”
Examples using a verb:
- (私は)今日は和食が食べたいです。([Watashi wa] kyō wa washoku ga tabetai desu.) — “I want to eat Japanese food today.”
- 来年は沖縄に行きたいです。(Rainen wa Okinawa ni ikitai desu.) — “I want to go to Okinawa next year.”
- 太ったので運動をしたいです。(Futotta node undō o shitai desu.) — “I want to do exercises because I got fat.”
For more information about Japanese verbs, please check out our Japanese Verbs and 50 Most Common Verbs pages.
4. I Need (to)… …が必要です/…(する)必要があります
“I need …“ = [noun] …が必要です (ga hitsuyō desu)
“I need to …“ = [verb] …(する)必要があります (hitsuyō ga arimasu)
These are the simplest Japanese sentence patterns for expressing “need.”
As you can see above, the Japanese sentence structure changes depending on whether you need something [noun] or need to do something [verb].
Examples using a noun:
- (私は)あなたが必要です。([Watashi wa] anata ga hitsuyō desu.) — “I need you.”
- その車は電気の充電が必要です。(Sono kuruma wa denki no jūden ga hitsuyō desu.) — “That car needs to charge with electricity.”
- この店での支払いはクレジットカードが必要です。(Kono mise de no shiharai wa kurejitto kādo ga hitsuyō desu.) — “You need a credit card to pay at this store.”
Examples using a verb:
- 週末に働く必要があります。(Shūmatsu ni hataraku hitsuyō ga arimasu.) — “I need to work on the weekend.”
- あなたは病院に行く必要があります。(Anata wa byōin ni iku hitsuyō ga arimasu.) — “You need to go to a hospital.”
- 学生は卒業試験に合格する必要があります。(Gakusei wa sotsugyō shiken ni gōkaku suru hitsuyō ga arimasu.) — “The students need to pass the graduation exam.”
い (i) Adjective [ Stem + い (i) ] | Adverb [ Stem + く(ku) ] |
悲しい kanashii “sad” | 悲しく kanashiku “sadly” |
高い takai “high” | 高く takaku “highly” |
丸い marui “round” | 丸く maruku “roundly” |
- Modification of Japanese な (na) Adjectives
A な (na) adjective always ends with な (na) when it comes before a noun.
Changing な (na) to に (ni) will convert a な (na) adjective into an adverb.
Example:
Adjective [ Stem + な (na) ] | Adverb [ Stem + に (ni) ] |
親切な shinsetsu na “kind” | 親切に shinsetsu ni “kindly” |
静かな shizuka na “quiet” | 静かに shizuka ni “quietly” |
簡単な kantan na “easy” | 簡単に kantan ni “easily” |
For more information about Japanese adjectives, please visit 50 Most Common Adjectives.
- Other Non-Adjectival Adverbs
There are also Japanese adverbs which are not related to adjectives. Such adverbs do not have a particular pattern to identify them with, so you have to remember each vocabulary term. The good thing is that they’re used in the same way as other adverbs.
Non-adjectival adverbs are often seen among adverbs of frequency, time, and place, which we’ll explain in the following sections.
2. Classification of Japanese Adverbs
Japanese adverbs are classified into different categories, including Time, Frequency, Place, Manner, and Degree. Although it’s not so important to know which adverbs belong to what category, it is useful if you know them for more accurate usage.
Now let’s see various Japanese adverbs from each category!
Chirashizushi wa kantan ni tsukuremasu. = “You can make Chirashizushi easily.”
簡単に (Kantan ni) is an adverb.
2. Japanese Adverbs List
1 – Japanese Adverbs of Time
Japanese time adverbs indicate when something happens, has happened, or will happen.
Meaning | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | “today” | kyō | 今日 | きょう |
2 | “yesterday” | kinō | 昨日 | きのう |
3 | “tomorrow” | ashita | 明日 | あした |
4 | “this morning” | kesa | 今朝 | けさ |
5 | “tonight” | kon’ya | 今夜 | こんや |
6 | “now” | ima | 今 | いま |
7 | “later” | ato de | 後で | あとで |
8 | “soon” | sugu ni | ー | すぐに |
9 | “right now” | ima sugu ni | 今すぐに | いますぐに |
10 | “previously” | mae ni | 前に | まえに |
11 | “recently” | saikin | 最近 | さいきん |
12 | “someday” | itsuka | ー | いつか |
13 | “yet” | mada | ー | まだ |
2 – Japanese Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency are used when describing how often an action takes place.
Meaning | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | |
---|---|---|---|---|
14 | “always” | itsumo | ー | いつも |
15 | “sometimes” | tokidoki | 時々 | ときどき |
16 | “often” | yoku | ー | よく |
17 | “rarely” | tama ni | ー | たまに |
18 | “seldom” | metta ni | ー | めったに *used only with negative forms |
19 | “probably” | tabun | 多分 | たぶん |
20 | “likely” | osoraku | ー | おそらく |
21 | “normally” | tsūjō | 通常 | つうじょう |
22 | “(not) at all” | zenzen (-nai) * | 全然 (ーない) * | ぜんぜん(ーない) * |
23 | “never” | kesshite (-nai) * | 決して (ーない) * | けっして(ーない) * |
24 | “definitely,” “inevitably” | kanarazu | 必ず | かならず |
25 | “daily,” “every day” | mainichi | 毎日 | まいにち |
26 | “weekly,” “every week” | maishū | 毎週 | まいしゅう |
27 | “monthly,” “every month” | maitsuki | 毎月 | まいつき |
28 | “annually,” “every year” | maitoshi | 毎年 | まいとし |
29 | “every time” | maikai | 毎回 | まいかい |
* 全然 (ーない) [zenzen (-nai)] and 決して (ーない) [kesshite (-nai)] are the negative forms which are usually used together with -ない (-nai).
For example:
- 私は全然気にしない。
Watashi wa zenzen ki ni shinai.
“I don’t care at all.”
- 彼女は決して肉を食べない。
Kanojo wa kesshite niku o tabenai.
“She never eats meat.”
Kanojo wa kesshite niku o tabenai. = “She never eats meat.”
決して (kesshite), meaning “never,” is an adverb.
3 – Japanese Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place indicate where an action takes place.
Meaning | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | |
---|---|---|---|---|
30 | “here” | koko | ー | ここ |
31 | “there” | soko | ー | そこ |
32 | “there,” “over there” | asoko | ー | あそこ |
33 | “over here,” “this way” | kotchi | ー | こっち |
34 | “over there,” “that way” | atchi | ー | あっち |
35 | “somewhere” | doko ka | ー | どこか |
36 | “anywhere” | doko demo | ー | どこでも |
37 | “inside” | naka de | 中で | なかで |
38 | “outside” | soto de | 外で | そとで |
39 | “away” | hanarete | 離れて | はなれて |
40 | “near,” “close by” | chikaku ni | 近くに | ちかくに |
41 | “(at) home” | ie de | 家で | いえで |
Watashi no kaisha chikaku ni Tōkyō Tawā ga arimasu.
= “There is Tokyo Tower close to my company.”
近くに (chikaku ni), meaning “close,” is an adverb.
4 – Japanese Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner describe the condition of a thing or how an action is performed. Adverbs which are related to adjectives mostly fall in this category. Keep in mind that some Japanese adverbs don’t have direct translations in English.
Meaning | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | |
---|---|---|---|---|
42 | “slowly” | yukkuri | ー | はやく |
43 | “fast” | hayaku | 早く/速く | すばやく |
44 | “quickly” | subayaku | 素早く | おそく |
45 | “late,” “tardily” | osoku | 遅く | |
46 | “quietly” | shizuka ni | 静かに | しずかに |
47 | “enjoyably,” “merrily” | tanoshiku | 楽しく | たのしく |
48 | “interestingly,” “amusingly” | omoshiroku | 面白く | おもしろく |
49 | “noisily,” “loudly” | urusaku | ー | うるさく |
50 | “simultaneously,” “at the same time” | ichi-do ni | 一度に | いちどに |
51 | “easily” | kantan ni | 簡単に | かんたんに |
52 | “well” | yoku | 良く | よく |
53 | “badly” | waruku | 悪く | わるく |
54 | “together” | issho ni | 一緒に | いっしょに |
55 | “alone” | hitori de | 一人で | ひとりで |
56 | “by chance,” “accidentally” | gūzen ni | 偶然に | ぐうぜんに |
57 | “suddenly” | kyū ni | 急に | きゅうに |
58 | “largely,” “greatly” | ōkiku | 大きく | おおきく |
59 | “small” | chiisaku | 小さく | ちいさく |
60 | “newly” | atarashiku | 新しく | あたらしく |
61 | “old” | furuku | 古く | ふるく |
62 | “beautifully,” “neatly,” “cleanly” | kirei ni | 綺麗に | きれいに |
63 | “dirtily” | kitanaku | 汚く | きたなく |
64 | “kindly” | shinsetsu ni | 親切に | しんせつに |
65 | “cheerily,” “lively” | genki ni | 元気に | げんきに |
66 | “conveniently” | benri ni | 便利に | べんりに |
67 | “hotly” | astuku | 暑く | あつく |
68 | “coldly” | samuku | 寒く | さむく |
69 | “difficultly” | muzukashiku | 難しく | むずかしく |
70 | “gently” | yasashiku | 優しく | やさしく |
71 | “highly,” “high,” “expensive” | takaku | 高く | たかく |
72 | “low” | hikuku | 低く | ひくく |
73 | “cheaply,” “inexpensively” | yasuku | 安く | やすく |
74 | “getting along well with” | nakayoku | 仲良く | なかよく |
75 | “boring” | tsumaranaku | ー | つまらなく |
76 | “brightly” | akaruku | 明るく | あかるく |
77 | “dark,” “darkly” | kuraku | 暗く | くらく |
78 | “hard,” “fastly,” “firmly” | kataku | 硬く・固く | かたく |
79 | “softly” | yawarakaku | 柔らかく | やわらかく |
80 | “red”* | akaku* | 赤く | あかく |
81 | “white”* | shiroku* | 白く | しろく |
82 | “blue”* | aoku* | 青く | あおく |
83 | “yellow”* | kiiroku* | 黄色く | きいろく |
84 | “brown”* | chairoku* | 茶色く | ちゃいろく |
85 | “black”* | kuroku* | 黒く | くろく |
*There are adverbs for colors in Japanese, but there are no equivalent words in English for adverbs of color.
In Japanese, these color adverbs are transformed from い (i) adjectives.
- 赤い (akai) >> 赤く (akaku)
- 白い (shiroi) >> 白く (shiroku)
- 黒い (kuroi) >> 黒く (kuroku)
Here’s an example:
私は髪を黒く染めた。
Watasih wa kami o kuroku someta.
“I dyed my hair black.”
Hitori de konsāto e itta. = “I went to the concert alone.”
一人で (hitori de), “meaning alone,” is an adverb.
5 – Japanese Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of degree indicate the degree or extent of a thing, situation, or action.
Meaning | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | |
---|---|---|---|---|
86 | “very” | totemo | ー | とても |
87 | “quite” | kanari | ー | かなり |
88 | “pretty,” “way” | sōtō ni | 相当に | そうとうに |
89 | “terribly” | hidoku | 酷く | ひどく |
90 | “plenty,” “much,” “many” | takusan | 沢山 | たくさん |
91 | “slightly,” “barely,” “only” | wazukani | 僅かに | わずかに |
92 | “largely,” “nearly,” “mostly” | hotondo | ー | ほとんど |
93 | “about,” “roughly,” “more or less” | hobo | ー | ほぼ |
94 | “a little,” “a bit,” “a few” | sukoshi | 少し | すこし |
95 | “truly,” “really” | hontō ni | 本当に | ほんとうに |
96 | “strongly” | tsuyoku | 強く | つよく |
97 | “weakly” | yowaku | 弱く | よわく |
98 | “much,” “greatly,” “highly” | daibu | 大分 | だいぶ |
99 | “mostly” | daitai | 大体 | だいたい |
100 | “just,” “right,” “precisely,” “exactly” | chōdo | 丁度 | ちょうど |
Watashi wa kazoku ga totemo daisuki desu. = “I like my family very much.”
とても (totemo), meaning “very,” is an adverb.
3. How Do You Use Adverbs in Japanese Sentences?
In terms of Japanese adverb placement, most of them can appear anywhere in a sentence, but they should come before the verb.
Let’s take a look at some examples of Japanese adverbs in sentences.
- 私は後で宿題をする。
Watashi wa ato de shukudai o suru.
“I will do my homework later.”
後で (ato de), meaning “later,” is an adverb. In Japanese, this can also be placed at the front of the sentence or in front of the verb する (suru), meaning “to do.”
- 時々彼は参拝に行きます。
Tokidoki kare wa sanpai ni ikimasu.
“He sometimes goes to visit a shrine.”
時々 (tokidoki) is an adverb, and it can also appear in front of 参拝に (sanpai ni), meaning “to visit a shrine,” or in front of 行きます (ikimasu), meaning “goes.”
- 近くに本屋はありますか。
Chikaku ni hon’ya wa arimasu ka.
“Is there a bookstore nearby?”
近くに (chikaku ni), meaning “nearby,” is an adverb. It can be placed in front of ありますか (arimasu ka), meaning “is there.”
- 台風は素早く過ぎ去った。
Taifū wa subayaku sugisatta.
“The typhoon passed by quickly.”
素早く (subayaku), meaning “quickly,” is an adverb, and it can also appear at the front of the sentence.
- 本当に彼を信じますか。
Hontō ni kare o shinjimasu ka.
“Do you really believe him?”
本当に (hontō ni), meaning “really,” is an adverb. It can also be put in front of 信じます (shinjimasu), meaning “believe.”
4. Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
In this article, we introduced you to Japanese adverbs. There are many adverbs in the Japanese language, and they’re just as rich in expression as adjectives. However, if you already know a lot of Japanese adjectives, then don’t worry! You can easily learn many adjective-transformed adverbs! Or vice-versa; once you learn Japanese adverbs, you can also learn the adjectives much easier.
If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language and other useful Japanese phrases for any situation, you’ll find much more helpful content on JapanesePod101.com. We provide a variety of free lessons for you to improve your Japanese language skills. For example, you may find these lessons with audio recordings useful: 50 Most Common Nouns, 50 Most Common Verbs, and Most Common Adjectives.
To learn more about Japanese adverbs and adjectives, check out Must-Know Adverbs and Phrases for Connecting Thoughts and Spring Adjectives/Adverbs. How to Improve Your Speaking Skills and Top 10 Conversational Phrases are also useful pages you can visit to brush up on your Japanese conversational skills.
And there’s so much more. Learn Japanese faster and enjoy studying the language at JapanesePod101.com!
Before you go, let us know in the comments if there are any Japanese adverbs you still want to know! We’d be glad to help, and look forward to hearing from you!
Japanese Keyboard: How to Install and Type in Japanese
You asked, so we provided—easy-to-follow instructions on how to set up your electronic devices to write in Japanese! We’ll also give you a few excellent tips on how to use this keyboard, as well as some online and app alternatives if you prefer not to set up a Japanese keyboard.
Table of Contents- Why it’s Important to Learn to Type in Japanese
- Setting up Your Computer and Mobile Devices for Japanese
- How to Activate an Onscreen Keyboard on Your Computer
- How to Change the Language Settings to Japanese on Your Computer
- Activating the Japanese Keyboard on Your Mobile Phone and Tablet
- Japanese Keyboard Typing Tips
- How to Practice Typing Japanese
1. Why it’s Important to Learn to Type in Japanese
Learning a new language is made so much easier when you’re able to read and write/type it. This way, you will:
- Get the most out of any dictionary and Japanese language apps on your devices
- Expand your ability to find Japanese websites and use the various search engines
- Be able to communicate much better online with your Japanese teachers and friends, and look super cool in the process!
2. Setting up Your Computer and Mobile Devices for Japanese
It takes only a few steps to set up any of your devices to read and type in Japanese. It’s super-easy on your mobile phone and tablet, and a simple process on your computer.
On your computer, you’ll first activate the onscreen keyboard to work with. You’ll only be using your mouse or touchpad/pointer for this keyboard. Then, you’ll need to change the language setting to Japanese, so all text will appear in Japanese. You could also opt to use online keyboards instead. Read on for the links!
On your mobile devices, it’s even easier—you only have to change the keyboard. We also provide a few alternatives in the form of online keyboards and downloadable apps.
3. How to Activate an Onscreen Keyboard on Your Computer
1- Mac
1. Go to System Preferences > Keyboard.
2. Check the option “Show Keyboard & Character Viewers in Menu Bar.”
3. You’ll see a new icon on the right side of the main bar; click on it and select “Show Keyboard Viewer.”
2- Windows
1. Go to Start > Settings > Easy Access > Keyboard.
2. Turn on the option for “Onscreen Keyboard.”
3- Online Keyboards
If you don’t want to activate your computer’s onscreen keyboard, you also have the option to use online keyboards. Here are some good options:
4- Add-ons of Extensions for Browsers
Instead of an online keyboard, you could also choose to download a Google extension to your browser for a language input tool. The Google Input Tools extension allows users to use input tools in Chrome web pages, for example.
4. How to Change the Language Settings to Japanese on Your Computer
Now that you’re all set to work with an onscreen keyboard on your computer, it’s time to download the Japanese language pack for your operating system of choice:
- Windows 8 (and higher)
- Windows 7
- Mac (OS X and higher)
1- Windows 8 (and higher)
1. Go to Settings > Change PC Settings > Time & Language > Region & Language.
2. Click on “Add a Language” and select “Japanese.” This will add it to your list of languages. It will appear as 日本語 with the note “language pack available.”
3. Click on 日本語 > “Options” > “Download.” It will take a few minutes to download and install the language pack.
4. As a keyboard layout, you’ll only need the one marked as “Japanese – 日本語.” You can ignore other keyboard layouts.
2- Windows 7
1. Go to Start > Control Panel > Clock, Language, and Region.
2. On the “Region and Language” option, click on “Change Keyboards or Other Input Methods.”
3. On the “Keyboards and Languages” tab, click on “Change Keyboards” > “Add” > “Japanese.”
4. Expand the option of “Japanese” and then expand the option “Keyboard.” Select the keyboard layout marked as “Japanese.” You can ignore other keyboard layouts. Click “OK” and then “Apply.”
3- Mac (OS X and higher)
If you can’t see the language listed, please make sure to select the right option from System Preferences > Language and Region
1. From the Apple Menu (top left corner of the screen) go to System Preferences > Keyboard.
2. Click the Input Sources tab and a list of available keyboards and input methods will appear.
3. Click on the plus button, select “Japanese,” and add the “Japanese” keyboard.
5. Activating the Japanese Keyboard on Your Mobile Phone and Tablet
Texting and searching in Japanese will greatly help you master the language! Adding a Japanese keyboard on your mobile phone and/or tablet is super-easy.
You could also opt to download an app instead of adding a keyboard. Read on for our suggestions.
Below are the instructions for both iOS and Android mobile phones and tablets.
1- iOS
1. Go to Settings > General > Keyboard.
2. Tap “Keyboards” and then “Add New Keyboard.”
3. Select “Japanese” from the list.
4. When typing, you can switch between languages by tapping and holding on the icon to reveal the keyboard language menu.
2- Android
1. Go to Settings > General Management > Language and Input > On-screen Keyboard (or “Virtual Keyboard” on some devices) > Samsung Keyboard.
2. Tap “Language and Types” or “ + Select Input Languages” depending on the device and then “MANAGE INPUT LANGUAGES” if available.
3. Select 日本語 from the list.
4. When typing, you can switch between languages by swiping the space bar.
3- Applications for Mobile Phones
If you don’t want to add a keyboard on your mobile phone or tablet, these are a few good apps to consider:
- ATOK Japanese Input Keyboard
- Google Japanese Input
- Japanese Keyboard – Romaji to Japanese
- FlickKeyboard
6. Japanese Keyboard Typing Tips
Typing in Japanese can be very challenging at first! Therefore, we added here a few useful tips to make it easier to use your Japanese keyboard.
1- Computer
1. To toggle your IME on/off, you just need to hit “Alt + Tilde (~).”
2. You can just type in Japanese words on your keyboard, if you know how they’re spelled in Romanization. (Like “a” = あ, “ko” = こ, and “re” = れ)But there are some points to be noticed:
– To type ん, you need to type “nn” (double “n”). When you hit just “n,” you may have the chance to hit vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and it will make な, に, ぬ, ね, の. So you need that extra “n” to type ん.
– To type small-sized vowel characters, as in ねぇ or あぁ, you need to hit “l” or “x + vowel.” For example, to type ぁ, you hit “la” or “xa.”
– To get っ, the small “tsu.” However, you don’t have to type “ltsu” or “xtsu.” You just type it using a double consonant. For example, to type きっと, you hit “kitto.”
3. If you want to use Katakana instead of Hiragana, in most cases all you need to do is hit “spacebar” after you’ve typed the word in Hiragana. Then, your IME will most likely recommend that word in Katakana. But if this isn’t the case for you, or if you instead want a Katakana input mode, just hit “Ctrl + Caps Lock” to find it.
4. To convert to Kanji, you need to use the “spacebar” just like you do with Katakana words. Your IME will suggest a candidate Kanji list for the word. So hit the “spacebar” until you find the one you’re looking for, and then hit the “Enter” to determine the conversion candidate.
2- Mobile Phones
1. You can type Japanese words on a Kana-style keyboard as well as a Romanization-style keyboard. As for the Romanization-style typing, it’s almost the same as it is on the PC.
2. You’ll have only ten Hiragana letter keys, plus a punctuation key and a text face key to input with a Kana-style keyboard. The letter keys are arranged by consonant and each of them has three or more letters inside it. To select a letter, quickly tap the key to go through the different letters. Alternatively, you can simply hold down the key, which will bring up the options visually, and then slide your finger to the intended letter.
3. The 改行 key is the equivalent to the Enter key, and the 空白 key is the equivalent to the space key.
7. How to Practice Typing Japanese
As you probably know by now, learning Japanese is all about practice, practice, and more practice! Strengthen your Japanese typing skills by writing comments on any of our lesson pages, and our teacher will answer.
If you’re a JapanesePod101 Premium PLUS member, you can directly text our teacher via the My Teacher app—use your Japanese keyboard to do this!
Ultimate Japanese Verb Conjugation Guide
How many verbs do you think you use everyday? Verbs are the second-most frequently used part of speech in Japanese (after nouns), making it crucial to know and understand Japanese verb conjugation.
Compared to English, Japanese verb conjugation has distinct rules which might be difficult to understand at first. However, the good news is that Japanese verbs do not conjugate according to the speaker. Instead, the Japanese verb conjugation rules are the same for every grammatical person, or 人称 (ninshō), and any number of subjects (singular or plural). Therefore, you won’t be easily confused on how to conjugate Japanese verbs in this respect. In addition, there are very few irregular verb conjugations!
In this article, we’ll introduce the basics of Japanese verbs and Japanese verb conjugation, including verb groups and conjugation patterns. We’ll also provide examples for you.
Once you learn the conjugation patterns, you only have to apply the rules to any new verbs you learn! Let’s get started here at JapanesePod101.com!
- What is Conjugation?
- Japanese Verb Conjugation Groups
- Conjugation Patterns
- Conjugation Patterns for Irregular Verbs
- Let’s Practice!
- Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
1. What is Conjugation?
1 – What Does Conjugation Mean?
Conjugation in Japanese is described as the variation of the form of a certain part of speech—such as verbs—which is influenced by certain elements. These include: voice, mood, tense, and politeness level.
In Japanese, there are four parts of speech which have conjugation:
- 動詞 (dōshi) — Verb
- 助動詞 (jodōshi) — Auxiliary Verb
- 形容詞 (keiyōshi) — Adjective
- 形容動詞 (keiyōdōshi) — Adjective Verb
In this article, we’ll just be focusing on Japanese verb conjugations so we can explain in better detail.
2 – What Affects Conjugation?
As we mentioned above, the voice, mood, tense, and politeness level are identified by the form of Japanese verb conjugation used.
- Voice
There are two types of voice: 能動態 (nōdōtai), or “active voice,” and 受動態 (judōtai), or “passive voice.”
- The basic form of a verb is usually the active voice, where the subject performs the action.
私は日記を書く。
Watashi wa nikki o kaku.
“I write a journal.”
- In Japanese, the passive voice is mainly used when the action is performed on the subject, or 受け身 (ukemi). However, it’s also used for other cases, such as:
可能 (kanō) — to denote ability
自発 (jihatsu) — spontaneous
使役 (shieki) — causative
尊敬 (sonkei) — respectful language
The Japanese passive voice is expressed in either れる (reru) or られる (rareru), which are auxiliary verbs used together with other verbs.
-Passive action:
先生によく叱-られる。
Sensei ni yoku shika-rareru.
“I’m often scolded by the teacher.”
-Ability:
たくさん食べ-られる
Takusan tabe-rareru.
“I can eat a lot.”
-Spontaneous:
毎年あの災害が思い出さ-れる。
Maitoshi ano saigai ga omoidasa-reru.
“That disaster is remembered every year.”
-Respectful:
講師が話さ-れる。
Kōshi ga hanasa-reru.
“A lecturer is talking.” [In a respectful manner]
Active: Watashi wa nikki o kaku. (“I write a journal.”)
Passive: Nikki wa watashi ni yori kakareru. (“The journal is written by me.”)
- Mood
There are different types of moods that are identified in the conjugation forms. Grammatical mood refers to the attitude of the speaker toward the action of the verb. For example, it indicates whether that person is giving an order, making an assumption, giving a suggestion, etc.
Example:
Dictionary form : 食べる (taberu) “to eat”
Verb stem: 食べ- (tabe-)
Mood / Usage | Conjugation | Kanji |
Negative Form | tabenai | 食べない |
Attributive Form | taberu(toki) | 食べる(とき) |
Conditional Form | tabereba | 食べれば |
Imperative Form | tabero | 食べろ |
Volitional Form ( “Let’s-“) | tabeyō | 食べよう |
- Tense
Japanese verb conjugation by tense is actually very simple when compared to English and romance languages such as French, Spanish, and Italian.
There are just two main tenses for the Japanese verb forms: present and past tense. The form of the present tense is used for future and habitual action, and therefore there is no particular future tense.
The past tense always ends with た。 (–ta).
- Japanese verb conjugation (Present Tense):
私は今出かける。
Watashi wa ima dekakeru.
“I go out now.”
私は来週出かける。
Watashi wa raishū dekakeru.
Literal translation: “I go out next week,” or “I will go out next week.”
- Japanese verb conjugation (Past Tense):
私は出かけた。
Watashi wa dekaketa.
“I went out.”
- Level of Politeness
In Japanese conjugation, politeness level is another factor to consider. Verbs in the dictionary form are casual and informal, while verbs in the formal form end with ます (-masu), as do verbs in the ordinary polite form 丁寧語 (Teineigo).
In addition to verb conjugation, the Japanese language (especially verbs) has three types of 敬語 (keigo), or “honorific language,” which affect the Japanese conjugation forms. They also show different levels of respect:
丁寧語 (teineigo) — polite
尊敬語 (sonkeigo) — respectful
謙譲語 (kenjōgo) — humble / modest
They’re used to express social distance and intimacy, as well as disparity or similarity in rank. For more details on Japanese 敬語 (keigo), please visit Japanese Honorifics.
It’s necessary for adults to be able to use 敬語 (keigo) properly in formal situations in Japan. However, you can use at least the formal/polite form without being rude.
Here’s a Japanese conjugation table for 言う (iu), or “to say,” by politeness level.
Form | Reading | Kanji |
Dictionary / Informal | i-u | 言-う |
Formal / Teineigo / Polite | ii-masu | 言い-ます |
Sonkeigo / Respectful | ossharu | おっしゃる |
Kenjōgo / Humble | mōsu | 申す |
Appropriate use of 敬語 (keigo) is a must in the Japanese business world.
2. Japanese Verb Conjugation Groups
Japanese verbs always end with u or ru, and verbs are categorized into three groups:
Class 1: U-verb
Class 2 : Ru-verb
Class 3: Irregular verb
Japanese verbs consist of two parts: a verb base (“stem”) and a suffix.
A stem doesn’t change and a suffix conjugates according to the voice, mood, tense, and forms (casual vs. polite, and plain vs. negative).
1 – Class 1: U-verbs
U-verbs always end with –u. However, please note that this refers to the last vowel being u when it’s written in reading form. Therefore, U-verbs can end with Hiragana う(u), く (ku), す(su), つ(tsu), ぬ (nu), む (mu), and sometimes る (ru).
Examples of U-verbs
English | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
“listen” / “hear” | kiku | 聞く | きく |
“wait” | matsu | 待つ | まつ |
“write” | kaku | 書く | かく |
“go” | iku | 行く | いく |
2 – Class 2: Ru-Verbs
Ru-verbs always end with –ru which is Hiragana る. Some verbs that end with る (ru) are categorized as U-verbs, such as 取る (toru), meaning “take,” but they’re just a few exceptions that you’ll easily start to recognize.
Examples of Ru-verbs
English | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
“eat” | taberu | 食べる | 食べる |
“wake up” / “get up” | okiru | 起きる | おきる |
“sleep” | neru | 寝る | ねる |
“teach” | oshieru | 教える | おしえる |
3 – Class 3: Irregular Verbs
Surprise! There are only two irregular Japanese verbs, which are 来る (kuru), meaning “come,” and する (suru), meaning “do.”
Unlike U-verbs and Ru-verbs, the stem of the irregular verbs change according to the conjugation forms.
The Japanese verb する (suru), meaning “do,” is one of the most frequently used verbs. It’s also very handy because it can often turn a noun into a verb when it’s added after a noun. Here’s how Japanese irregular verb conjugation works for this word:
- 回転 (kaiten) + する (suru) = “to rotate” / “to spin around”
[“rotation” / “spin”] [“do”]
- 出席 (shusseki) + する (suru) = “to attend”
[“attendance”] [“do”]
- 謝罪 (shazai) + する (suru) = “to apologize”
[“apology”] [“do”]
For more Japanese verb vocabulary, please visit our article on The 100+ Most Common Japanese Verbs.
運動 (undō) “exercise” + する (suru) “to do” = Undō-suru (“to exercise”)
3. Conjugation Patterns
In the Japanese verb conjugation system, a suffix (which is often an auxiliary verb) plays an important role in conjugation, together with the main verb.
1 – Class 1: U-verb Conjugation
U-verbs conjugate as in this example:
- Dictionary form: はなす・話す (hanasu) “to talk” / “to speak”
- Verb stem: はな- (hana-)
The verb 話す (hanasu), which means “to talk” or “to speak,” has the stem はな (hana) and the suffix す (su).
In Japanese conjugation, suffixes conjugate and change like in the example below, according to the forms.
Form | Informal | Formal |
Present | はな-す hana-su | はな-します hana-shimasu |
Negative-present | はな-さない hana-sanai | はな-しません hana-shimasen |
Past | はな-した hana-shita | はな-しました hana-shimashita |
Negative-past | はな-さなかった hana-sanakatta | はな-しませんでした hana-shimasen deshita |
Volitional | はな-そう hana-sō | はな-しましょう hana-shimashō |
Passive | はな-される hana-sareru | はな-されます hana-saremasu |
Causative | はな-させる haha-saseru | はな-させます haha-sasemasu |
Conditional | はな-せば hana-seba | |
Imperative | はな-せ hana-se | はな-しなさい haha-shinasai |
Example Sentences
- 私は彼と話しませんでした。
Watashi wa kare to hana-shimasen deshita.
“I didn’t talk with him.” [past / formal / polite]
- 彼らと一緒に話そう。
Kare-ra to issho ni hana-sō.
“Let’s talk with them.” [volitional / informal]
- 本当のことを話せ!
Hontō no koto o hana-se!
“Tell the truth!” [imperative / informal]
2 – Class 2: Ru-verb Conjugation
Ru-verb conjugation is similar to U-verb conjugation, but slightly different. Please pay attention to the suffix after the stem.
- Dictionary form: たべる・食べる (taberu) “to eat”
- Verb stem: たべ- (tabe-)
The verb 食べる (taberu), meaning “to eat,” has the stem たべ (tabe) and the suffix る (ru).
The suffix conjugates and changes as follows:
Form | Informal | Formal |
Present | たべ-る tabe-ru | たべ-ます tabe-masu |
Negative-present | たべ-ない tabe-nai | たべ-ません tabe-masen |
Past | たべ-た tabe-ta | たべ-ました tabe-mashita |
Negative-past | たべ-なかった tabe-nakatta | たべ-ませんでした tabe-masen deshita |
Volitional | たべ-よう tabe-yō | たべ-ましょう tabe-mashō |
Passive | たべ-られる tabe-rareru | たべ-られます tabe-raremasu |
Causative | たべ-させる tabe-saseru | たべ-させます tabe-sasemasu |
Conditional | たべ-れば tabe-reba | |
Imperative | たべ-ろ tabe-ro | たべ-なさい tabe-nasai |
Example Sentences
- 彼女は肉を食べません。
Kanojo wa niku o tabe-masen.
“She does not eat meat.” [present / formal / polite]
- 私は子供達に野菜を食べさせます。
Watashi wa kodomo-tachi ni yasai o tabe-sasemasu.
“I make my children eat vegetables.” [causative / formal]
- これを食べれば良くなるよ!
Kore o tabe-reba yoku naru yo!
“If you eat this, you’ll get better!” [conditional]
Watashi wa niku o tabe-masen. = “I don’t eat meat.”
4. Conjugation Patterns for Irregular Verbs
Contrary to U-verbs and Ru-verbs, the two irregular verbs 来る (kuru), meaning “come,” and する (suru), meaning “do,” conjugate even the stems. These two irregular verbs are frequently used, so let’s simply memorize them!
1. 来る
- Dictionary form: くる・来る (kuru) “to come”
- Verb stem: く (ku-) / こ (ko-) / き (ki-)
Form | Informal | Formal |
Present | く-る ku-ru | き-ます ki-masu |
Negative-present | こ-ない ko-nai | き-ません ki-masen |
Past | き-た ki-ta | き-ました ki-mashita |
Negative-past | こ-なかった ko-nakatta | き-ませんでした ki-masen deshita |
Volitional | こ-よう ko-yō | き-ましょう ki-mashō |
Passive | こ-られる ko-rareru | こ-られます ko-raremasu |
Causative | こ-させる ko-saseru | こ-させます ko-sasemasu |
Conditional | く-れば ku-reba | |
Imperative | こ-い ko-i | き-なさい ki-nasai |
Example Sentences
- 彼女は昨日学校に来なかった。
Kanojo wa kinō gakkō ni ko-nakatta.
“She did not come to school yesterday.” [past / informal]
- こちらへ来れば安全です。
Kochira e ku-reba anzen desu.
“You will be safe if you come here.” [conditional]
- 今すぐここへ来なさい!
Ima sugu koko e ki-nasai!
“Come here right now!” [imperative / formal / polite]
2. する
- Dictionary form: する (suru) “to do”
- Verb stem: す (su-) / し (shi-) / さ (sa-)
Form | Informal | Formal |
Present | す-る su-ru | し-ます shi-masu |
Negative-present | し-ない shi-nai | し-ません shi-masen |
Past | し-た shi-ta | し-ました shi-mashita |
Negative-past | し-なかった shi-nakatta | し-ませんでした shi-masen deshita |
Volitional | し-よう shi-yō | し-ましょう shi-mashō |
Passive | さ-れる sa-reru | さ-れます sa-remasu |
Causative | さ-せる sa-seru | さ-せます sa-semasu |
Conditional | す-れば su-reba | |
Imperative | し-ろ shi-ro | し-なさい shi-nasai |
Example Sentences
- 彼はそんなことしません。
Kare wa sonna koto shi-masen.
“He does not do such things.” [present / formal / polite]
- 一緒に勉強しよう。
Issho ni benkyō shi-yō.
“Let’s study together.” [volitional / informal]
* benkyō + suru (studying + do = to study)
- 早くしなさい!
Hayaku shi-nasai!
“Do it quickly!” [imperative / formal / polite]
5. Let’s Practice!
Now it’s time for a Japanese conjugation quiz to practice!
Try to conjugate each verb in the ( ), following the instructions, and write your answer in the blank. Even if you don’t know, try to guess and check the answers below!
- Write the verb in the past tense and informal form:
Watashi wa kinō ringo o (taberu) ______ .
(“I ate an apple yesterday.”)
- Write the verb in the volitional and formal form:
Watashi-tachi to issho ni (hanasu) ______ .
(“Let’s talk with us.”)
- Write the verb in the negative-present and formal form:
Kyō wa shiken no hi desu ga, dare mo (kuru) ______ .
(“Although today is the exam day, nobody comes.”)
- Write the verb in the imperative and formal form:
Kanojo ni (shazai suru) ______!
(“Apologize to her!”)
- Write the verb in the volitional and formal/polite form:
Issho ni (iku) ______.
(“Let’s go together.”)
Sushi o tabeyō! = “Let’s eat Sushi!”
Let’s check the answers!
- The past tense and informal form of taberu is tabemashita.
It’s the conjugation pattern of Class 2: Ru-verbs.
Watashi wa kinō ringo o tabemashita.
(“I ate an apple yesterday.”)
- The volitional and formal form of hanasu is hanashimashō.
It’s the conjugation pattern of Class 1: U-verbs.
Watashi-tachi to issho ni hanashimashō.
(“Let’s talk with us.”)
- The negative-present and formal form of kuru is kimasen.
It’s the conjugation pattern of the Class 3 irregular verb 来る (kuru), meaning “to come.”
Kyō wa shiken no hi desu ga, dare mo kimasen.
(“Although today is the exam day, nobody comes.”)
- The imperative and formal form of shazai suru is shazai shinasai.
It’s the conjugation pattern of the Class 3 irregular verb する (suru), meaning “to do.”
* shazai (“apology”) + suru (“to do”) = “to apologize”
Kanojo ni shazai shinasai!
(“Apologize to her!”)
- The volitional and formal/polite form of iku is ikimashō.
It’s the conjugation pattern of Class 1: U-verbs.
Issho ni ikimashō.
(“Let’s go together.”)
6. Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
In this article, we introduced you to Japanese verbs conjugation. Japanese verb conjugation has unique rules, but it’s simpler than you think. For example, you don’t have to worry about conjugating for person or number.
Once you master the conjugation patterns, you’ll be able to increase your verb vocabulary much easier!
If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language and other useful Japanese phrases by situation, you’ll find a lot more helpful content on JapanesePod101.com. We provide a variety of free lessons for you to help improve your Japanese language skills. To start, here’s some more information about the basics of Japanese with audio:
To learn more about Japanese verbs and other grammar-related topics, check out Basic Kanji for Verbs and The 50 Most Common Japanese Verbs You’ll Find in Textbooks. How to Improve Your Speaking Skills and Must-Know Adverbs and Phrases for Connecting Thoughts are also useful if you want to brush up on your Japanese conversation skills.
And there’s so much more! Be a faster learner and enjoy studying Japanese at JapanesePod101.com!
Before you go, let us know in the comments if there are any Japanese verbs you still want to know! We’d be glad to help, and look forward to hearing from you!
The 100+ Most Common Japanese Verbs
How many Japanese verbs do you know? When you know the 100 most common Japanese verbs and understand basic Japanese verb conjugation, you can express and understand Japanese much better!
Verbs are one of the most important parts of speech, and it’s said that verbs are the second most frequently used words (26%, next to nouns at 42%) among all other categories of words in daily Japanese conversations.
It’s always a bit tiring to learn grammatical rules, such as the conjugation patterns of verbs. However, it’s easier than you think! Once you have the rules down and become used to using them, all you have to do is apply those rules to new Japanese verbs you learn.
Japanese verb conjugation has unique rules from those in English. But don’t worry! Some features are simpler—there’s no verb conjugation based on the speaker, such as singular vs. plural, gender, or the category of that person grammatically, called 人称 (ninshō). This means that in English, verbs change based on who’s speaking:
- I am
- She is
- You are
- I go
- He goes
However, Japanese verbs remain the same regardless of who the speaker is.
In this article, we’ll introduce the top 100 Japanese verbs for beginners, which are most frequently used. We’ll also give you some tips about Japanese verb conjugation, though we’ll have a more in-depth article on this topic later on. Let’s master Japanese verbs here at JapanesePod101!
- Verb Groups: Different Types of Japanese Verbs
- Action Verbs: Physical
- Action Verbs: Mental
- Other Verbs
- Japanese Auxiliary Verbs: 助動詞 (Jodōshi)
- Verb Usage: How Japanese Verbs Work
- Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
1. Verb Groups: Different Types of Japanese Verbs
Japanese verbs always end with u or ru, and verbs are categorized into three groups:
- Class 1: U-verb
- Class 2: Ru-verb
- Class 3: Irregular verb
As the conjugation system itself is very simple, memorizing the patterns and rules will help you learn how to use Japanese verbs properly.
Japanese verbs consist of two parts: a verb base (“stem”) and a suffix. A stem doesn’t change, and a suffix conjugates according to the forms. These forms include casual vs. polite and plain vs. negative.
Class 1: U-Verbs
書く (kaku):write | Casual | Polite |
Stem | kak | |
Basic Form | 書-く kak-u | 書-きます kak-imasu |
Negative Form | 書-かない kak-anai | 書-きません kak-imasen |
The verb 書く (kaku), meaning “write,” has the stem kak and the suffix u. As you can see from the Japanese verbs chart above, the suffix conjugates and changes according to the forms.
However, you have to keep in mind that if a verb ends with u, it means that the last vowel is u. Therefore, u-verbs can end with Hiragana:
- う(u)
- く (ku)
- す(su)
- つ (tsu)
- ぬ (nu)
- む (mu)
- る (ru)
U-verb Examples
English | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|
meet | au | 会う | あう |
learn | manabu | 学ぶ | まなぶ |
push | osu | 押す | おす |
pull | hiku | 引く | ひく |
Class 2: Ru-Verbs
出る (deru) :come out | Casual | Polite |
Stem | de | |
Basic Form | 出-る de-ru | 出-ます de-masu |
Negative Form | 出-ない de-nai | 出-ません de-masen |
The verb 出る (deru), meaning “come out,” has the stem de and the suffix ru. The suffix conjugates and changes as it did above. It’s similar to u-verbs, but slightly different.
Ru-verb Examples
English | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|
teach | oshieru | 教える | おしえる |
exist (living things) | iru | いる | いる |
sleep | neru | 寝る | ねる |
answer | kotaeru | 答える | こたえる |
Class 3: Irregular Verbs
Don’t worry too much! There are only two Japanese irregular verbs.
The stems of the verbs change according to the conjugating forms. There are only two verbs, so let’s memorize them!
- 来る (kuru):come
来る (kuru) :come | Casual | Polite |
Stem | ku / ko / ki | |
Basic Form | 来-る く-る ku-ru | 来-ます き-ます ki-masu |
Negative Form | 来-ない こ-ない ko-nai | 来-ません き-ません ki-masen |
- する (suru):do
する (suru) :do | Casual | Polite |
Stem | su / shi | |
Basic Form | す-る su-ru | し-ます shi-masu |
Negative Form | し-ない shi-nai | し-ません shi-masen |
The Japanese verb する (suru), meaning “do,” is a very handy word which can often turn a noun into a verb when it’s added next to the noun.
For example:
- 勉強 (benkyō) + する (suru) = to study
studying (do)
- 参加 (sanka) + する (suru) = to participate
participation (do)
- 感謝 (kansha) + する (suru) = to thank/appreciate
appreciation/gratitude (do)
Now that you have a better idea of how to conjugate different types of verbs, let’s move on to our Japanese verbs list!
2. Action Verbs: Physical
To start, here are the most common Japanese verbs of motion.
English | Japanese Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|
see / look / watch | miru | 見る | みる |
hear / listen | kiku | 聞く | きく |
say | iu | 言う | いう |
walk | aruku | 歩く | あるく |
run | hashiru | 走る | はしる |
eat | taberu | 食べる | たべる |
drink | nomu | 飲む | のむ |
take | toru | 取る | とる |
use | tsukau | 使う | つかう |
move | ugoku | 動く | うごく |
hold / grab | tsukamu | 掴む | つかむ |
sit | suwaru | 座る | すわる |
stand | tatsu | 立つ | たつ |
wear | kiru | 着る | きる |
take off (clothes/shoes) | nugu | 脱ぐ | ぬぐ |
work | hataraku | 働く | はたらく |
wake up | okiru | 起きる | おきる |
go | iku | 行く | いく |
come | kuru | 来る | くる |
bend | mageru | 曲げる | まげる |
search | sagasu | 探す | さがす |
read | yomu | 読む | よむ |
play | asobu | 遊ぶ | あそぶ |
get on (vehicle) | noru | 乗る | のる |
get off (vehicle) | oriru | 降りる | おりる |
start | hajimeru | 始める | はじめる |
finish | oeru | 終える | おえる |
open | akeru | 開ける | あける |
close | shimeru | 閉める | しめる |
stop | tomeru | 止める | とめる |
put | oku | 置く | おく |
wait | matsu | 待つ | まつ |
rest | yasumu | 休む | やすむ |
learn | manabu | 学ぶ | まなぶ |
give | ataeru | 与える | あたえる |
visit | otozureru | 訪れる | おとずれる |
leave | saru | 去る | さる |
depart | shuppatsu suru | 出発する | しゅっぱつする |
arrive | tōchaku suru | 到着する | とうちゃくする |
sell | uru | 売る | うる |
buy | kau | 買う | かう |
live | ikiru | 生きる | いきる |
die | shinu | 死ぬ | しぬ |
3. Action Verbs: Mental
These everyday Japanese verbs are essential for expressing actions that aren’t physical or immediately tangible. Take a look!
know | Japanese Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|
know | shiru | 知る | しる |
think | kangaeru | 考える | かんがえる |
imagine | sōzō suru | 想像する | そうぞうする |
feel | kanjiru | 感じる | かんじる |
like | konomu | 好む | このむ |
dislike | kirau | 嫌う | きらう |
love | aisuru | 愛する | あいする |
hate | nikumu | 憎む | にくむ |
believe | shinjiru | 信じる | しんじる |
expect | kitai suru | 期待する | きたいする |
understand | rikai suru | 理解する | りかいする |
remember | omoidasu | 思い出す | おもいだす |
agree | dōi suru | 同意する | どういする |
laugh | warau | 笑う | わらう |
cry | naku | 泣く | なく |
get angry | okoru | 怒る | おこる |
feel sad | kanashimu | 悲しむ | かなしむ |
wish / hope | negau | 願う | ねがう |
get surprised | odoroku | 驚く | おどろく |
forget | wasureru | 忘れる | わすれる |
satisfy | manzoku suru | 満足する | まんぞくする |
doubt | utagau | 疑う | うたがう |
decide | kimeru | 決める | きめる |
notice | kizuku | 気づく | きづく |
To check your pronunciation of Japanese verbs with audio, see our page about the 25 Most Commonly Used Verbs.
4. Other Verbs
You’re almost done! There are just a few more Japanese language verbs you should know.
English | Japanese Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|
appear | arawareru | 現れる | あらわれる |
remain | kieru | 消える | きえる |
remain | nokoru | 残る | のこる |
return | kaeru | 帰る | かえる |
check | kakunin suru | 確認する | かくにんする |
increase | fueru | 増える | ふえる |
decrease | heru | 減る | へる |
carry | hakobu | 運ぶ | はこぶ |
get dry | kawaku | 乾く | かわく |
get wet | nureru | 濡れる | ぬれる |
wash | arau | 洗う | あらう |
get dirty | yogoreru | 汚れる | よごれる |
indicate | shimesu | 示す | しめす |
enjoy | tanoshimu | 楽しむ | たのしむ |
fall | ochiru | 落ちる | おちる |
win | katsu | 勝つ | かつ |
lose | makeru | 負ける | まける |
break | kowasu | 壊す | こわす |
fix | naosu | 直す | なおす |
cross | wataru | 渡る | わたる |
change | kawaru | 変わる | かわる |
send | okuru | 送る | おくる |
receive | uketoru | 受け取る | うけとる |
5. Japanese Auxiliary Verbs: 助動詞 (Jodōshi)
The Japanese 助動詞 (Jodōshi), which translates as “auxiliary verb,” is a functional type of word with some variations. By adding an auxiliary verb, the meaning of the preceding word will be modified.
For example:
- 感じる (kanjiru) : “feel” + させる (saseru) [causative verb]
= 感じさせる (kanjisaseru) : “make (you) feel”
- 食べる (taberu) : “eat” + られる (rareru) [ability]
= 食べられる (taberareru) : edible
Here are some of the Japanese auxiliary verbs:
Japanese Reading | Hiragana | Usage / Meaning / Example |
---|---|---|
(sa)seru | (ら)れる | Causation 食べさせる tabesaseru to make (one) eat |
(ra) reru | (ら)れる | Passive / Ability, etc. 食べられる taberareru edible / being eaten |
nai / nu / n | (よ)う | Negation 食べない tabenai (I do) not eat |
yō | (よ)う | Volition 食べよう tabeyō I will eat / Let’s eat |
tai / tagaru | たい / たがる | Desire 食べたい tabetai I want to eat |
yō da | ようだ | Similarity 食べるようだ taberu yō da it looks like (she/he) eats |
sō da | そうだ | Hearsay 食べるそうだ taberu sō da they say that (she/he) eats |
rashii | らしい | Hearsay / Behavior 食べるらしい taberu rashii they say that (she/he) may eat |
da / desu・masu | だ / です・ます | Predication / Politeness (copula) 食べます tabemasu (I) eat |
6. Verb Usage: How Japanese Verbs Work
Japanese language verb conjugation patterns differ for u-verbs, ru-verbs, and irregular verbs.
Because many frequently used Japanese words are in this category, let’s take a look at an example for u-verbs.
The conjugation pattern for the verb 書く (kaku), meaning “write,” is as follows:
Conjugation | Kanji | Usage / Meaning |
---|---|---|
kakAnai | 書かない | Negative Form |
kakImasu | 書きます | Polite Form |
kaIta | 書いた | Ta- Form |
kakU | 書く | Dictionary Form |
kakU toki | 書くとき | Attributive Form |
kakEba | 書けば | Conditional Form |
kakE | 書け | Imperative Form |
kakO | 書こう | Suggestion Form (“Let’s-“) |
For more detail on the grammar of Japanese verbs and other conjugation patterns, please visit Verb Conjugation.
We also have other articles you may like to check out: Top 100 Japanese Adjectives, Top 100 Japanese Nouns, and Japanese Pronouns.
7. Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
In this article, we introduced the most common Japanese verbs and explained the basics of Japanese verb conjugation. Once you know the conjugation patterns, you’ll be able to more quickly expand your Japanese verbs vocabulary and take better command of the language.
If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language and other useful Japanese phrases for a variety of situations, you’ll find a lot of helpful content on JapanesePod101.com. We provide an array of free lessons for you to improve your Japanese language skills. To get you started, here’s some more information on Japanese basics with audio:
To learn how to converse with others in Japanese, check out Top 15 Questions You Should Know for Conversations and Top 10 Conversational Phrases. If you want to learn Japanese kanji, you’ll also enjoy Basic Kanji for Verbs and Basic Kanji for Adjectives.
And there’s so much more! Learn faster and enjoy studying Japanese at JapanesePod101.com!
Before you go, let us know in the comments if there are any Japanese verbs you still want to know! We’d be glad to help, and look forward to hearing from you!
Your Ultimate Guide to Japanese Pronouns
Pronouns are used to substitute nouns, such as people or things, in a sentence. Using pronouns allows you to avoid repetitive usage of a particular word in a sentence, which would sound awkward. Japanese pronouns are very different from those in English because Japanese pronouns can be omitted from a sentence when they’re implied through the context.
Unlike in English, there are many different variations of Japanese personal pronouns that translate as “I/me” and “you,” although only a few are commonly used. This expression of Japanese pronouns comes from Japanese culture, which puts importance on respect, seniority, and social order.
Each Japanese pronoun variation denotes the different characteristics of the speaker. These include gender, age, social status, level of respect, and their relationship with the person they’re speaking to.
Ready to learn Japanese pronouns? In this Japanese pronoun guide, we introduce Japanese pronouns that will boost your language skills, and teach you how to use them. JapanesePod101 makes it simple and easy to understand!
- Japanese Personal Pronouns
- Japanese Demonstrative Pronouns
- Japanese Interrogative Pronouns
- Japanese Indefinite Pronouns
- Examples
- Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
1. Japanese Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns in Japanese are rich in expression, and there are dozens of first- and second-person pronouns. However, most of them aren’t commonly used so we’ll introduce frequently used Japanese personal pronouns here.
1. 1st, 2nd, 3rd Person Singular
1. How to Say “I”
Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | Level of Formality | Gender | Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
watakushi | 私 | わたくし | very formal | both | Very formal and polite personal pronoun often used in very official occasions. |
watashi | 私 | わたし | formal / informal | both | Used by both genders in formal occasions, such as at the workplace. This is the most commonly used word for “I,” but it’s often omitted in a sentence. In informal situations, this is typically used by women. |
atashi | ー | あたし | informal | female | This is the casual version of watashi and it’s used by younger females in conversations. However, it can sound a bit childish and unsophisticated. |
boku | 僕 | ぼく | informal | male | Used by males of all ages, but very often by kids and younger men. It gives an impression of humbleness. This can also be used as a second-person pronoun toward little boys (English equivalent: “kid”). |
ore | 俺 | おれ | very informal | male | Frequently used by men in informal settings, such as among family and friends. It sounds very masculine. This can be very rude when it’s used in formal occasions or in front of respectable/senior people. |
2. How to Say “You”
Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | Level of Formality | Gender | Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
anata | 貴方 | あなた | formal / informal | both | This is almost equivalent to the English word “you.” However, it’s not often used as the subject in a sentence, and it’s often omitted. It’s more common to use a person’s name with a Japanese honorific, such as 様 (sama) or さん (san), to express “you” in formal contexts. In addition, wives often call their husbands by this Japanese pronoun. When used this way, it’s comparable to the English words “dear” or “darling.” Kanji is rarely used. |
kimi | 君 | きみ | informal | both | Often used to call subordinates and peers in informal settings. It can also be affectionate and polite when used by a boyfriend/husband to call his girlfriend/wife. It’s impolite and inappropriate when used with respectable/senior people or strangers. The Kanji 君 can also be read as kun when it’s added next to a male’s name as a casual and affectionate honorific word. |
omae | お前 | おまえ | very informal | both / male | Often used by men. It expresses that the speaker has a superior status or age, and it’s very rude to use this toward senior people and in formal settings. It’s also used among close friends to call peers. In addition, husbands frequently call their wives by this pronoun, which is comparable to the female use of anata. |
anta | ー | あんた | very informal | both | It’s a short version of anata, but it sounds very impolite and implies a sense of contempt. It can also be used between people in a very close relationship. It’s very rude and inappropriate to use toward senior people and in formal settings. |
kisama | 貴様 | きさま | very rude and hostile | both | The historical origin of this word was very formal, but it’s used today as a very rude way to call another person. It has a sense of extreme hostility from the speaker. You’ll often hear this in 時代劇 (jidaigeki) (samurai warrior) drama shows. |
3. How to Say “He” and “She”
Does Japanese have gendered pronouns? Sort of. Here’s what we mean:
Reading | Kanji | Hiragana | Level of Formality |
---|---|---|---|
kare | 彼 | かれ | formal / informal |
kanojo | 彼女 | かのじょ | formal / informal |
The Japanese pronouns for the third person are above. However, they’re not used like they are in English.
Native Japanese people prefer to use the person’s name, or to describe them as あの人 (ano hito), meaning “that person,” which makes it unnecessary to indicate gender.
In informal settings, 彼 (kare) means “boyfriend” and 彼女 (kanojo) means “girlfriend.”
2. 1st, 2nd, 3rd Person Plural
In order to make Japanese personal pronouns plural, a suffix is added to them.
The suffix can be ~達 (-tachi ), ~方 (-gata), or ~ら (-ra), depending on which word comes in front.
Meaning | Suffix | Reading | Level of Formality |
---|---|---|---|
We | -tachi | watashi-tachi | neutral / formal |
You [plural] | -tachi | anata-tachi | neutral / formal |
You [plural] | -gata | anata-gata | formal |
They [he, plural] | -ra | kare-ra | neutral / formal |
They [she, plural] | -ra | kanojo-ra | neutral / formal |
The suffix 達 (-tachi) can be added to most of the nouns that refer to people and animals. For example, 動物達(dōbutsu-tachi) means “animals.”
3. Possessive Forms
To make Japanese possessive pronouns, add the suffix の (〜no) to the pronouns.
Meaning | Reading |
---|---|
mine | watashi no |
yours | anata no |
his | kare no |
hers | kanojo no |
ours | watashi-tachi no |
theirs | kare-ra no |
4. Reflective or Intensive Forms
To make Japanese reflexive pronouns or intensive forms, add the suffix 自身 (〜jishin) to the pronouns.
Meaning | Reading |
---|---|
myself | watashi jishin |
yourself | anata jishin |
himself | kare jishin |
herself | kanojo jishin |
ourselves | watashi-tachi jishin |
themselves | kare-ra jishin |
To hear how to pronounce Japanese pronouns, visit Most Useful Pronouns.
2. Japanese Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in Japanese are typically written in Hiragana. Further, Japanese demonstrative pronouns are easy to remember as they’re categorized in groups depending on their degree of distance from the speaker or listener.
Words that:
- begin with こ (ko-) indicate something close to the speaker.
- begin with そ (so-) indicate some distance from the speaker or something close to the listener.
- begin with あ (a-) indicate far distance.
Meaning | Reading | Hiragana | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
this | kore | これ | near speaker |
it | sore | それ | near listener |
that | are | あれ | distant from both speaker and listener |
these | kore-ra | これら | near speaker |
those | sore-ra / are-ra | それら/ あれら | near listener / distant from both speaker and listener |
here | koko | ここ | near speaker |
there | soko | そこ | near listener |
over there | asoko | あそこ | distant from both speaker and listener |
3. Japanese Interrogative Pronouns
Similar to demonstrative pronouns, most of the Japanese interrogative pronouns begin with ど (do-) or だ (da-).
Meaning | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|
what | nani | 何 | なに |
which | dono / dore | ー | どの/どれ |
who | dare | 誰 | だれ |
whom | dare ni | 誰に | 誰に |
whose | dare no | 誰の | だれの |
when | itsu | ー | いつ |
why | naze | ー | なぜ |
Keep in mind that “whose” is a possessive form of “who,” and the rules of the Japanese possessive forms also apply:
誰 (dare) meaning “who” + の (〜no) = 誰の (dare no) meaning “whose.”
4. Japanese Indefinite Pronouns
In the Japanese language, “everyone/everybody” and “anyone/anybody” are both translated as 誰でも (dare demo) in some contexts.
In a negative sentence using indefinite pronouns such as “no one/nobody,” “nowhere,” and “nothing,” a negative form is typically: も…ない (...mo…nai …).
Meaning | Reading | Kanji | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|
everyone / everybody | minna / dare demo | 皆/誰でも | みんな/だれでも |
everywhere | doko demo / doko ni mo | ー | どこでも/どこにも |
everything | subete / zenbu | 全て/全部 | すべて/ぜんぶ |
someone / somebody | dare ka | 誰か | だれか |
somewhere | doko ka | ー | どこか |
something | nani ka | 何か | なにか |
no one / nobody | dare mo…nai | 誰も…ない | だれも…ない |
nowhere | doko ni mo…nai | ー | どこにも…ない |
nothing | nani mo…nai | 何も…ない | なにも…ない |
anyone / anybody | dare demo | 誰でも | だれでも |
anywhere | doko demo / doko ni mo | ー | どこでも/どこにも |
anything | nan demo | 何でも | なんでも |
5. Examples
Now that we’ve come to the end of this Japanese pronouns list, here are some example sentences using Japanese pronouns.
1. Personal Pronouns
- あなたと私は東京出身で、彼と彼女は大阪出身です。
Anata to watashi wa Tōkyō shusshin de, kare to kanojo wa Ōsaka shusshin desu.
You and I are from Tokyo, and he and she are from Osaka.
- 年上の人に向かって「お前」や「貴様」と呼ぶことはとても失礼です。
Toshiue no hito ni mukatte “omae” ya “kisama” to yobu koto wa totemo shitsurei desu.
It is very rude to call an elder person omae and kisama.
- 私達は明日、君の誕生日会へ行きます。
Watashi-tachi wa ashita, kimi no tanjōbi kai e ikimasu.
We will go to your birthday party tomorrow.
2. Demonstrative Pronouns
- それをここに持ってきてください。
Sore o koko ni motte kite kudasai.
Please bring it here.
- これらの本はあそこの棚へ戻してください。
Kore-ra no hon wa asoko no tana e modoshite kudasai.
Please put these books back on the shelf over there.
- 彼らはここからあなたの家へ出発しました。
Kare-ra wa koko kara anata no ie e shuppatsu shimashita.
They departed to your home from here.
3. Interrogative Pronouns
- 私はなぜあそこに行かなければならないか分かりません。
Watashi wa naze aoko ni ikanakereba naranai ka wakarimasen.
I don’t understand why I have to go there.
- 誰に向かって話しているのですか。
Dare ni mukatte hanashite iru no desu ka.
To whom are you talking?
- あそこのあの靴は誰のですか。
Asoko no ano kutsu wa dare no desu ka.
Whose shoes are those there?
4. Indefinite Pronouns
- 彼女はどこかに全てを置いてきました。
Kanojo wa doko ka ni subete o oite kimashita.
She left everything somewhere.
- 誰もあのような変な服を持っていないでしょう。
Dare mo ano yō na hen na fuku o motte inai deshō.
No one would have strange clothes like that.
- 誰かが彼にここで何でも食べていいと伝えました。
Dare ka ga kare ni koko de nan demo tabete ii to tsutaemashita.
Somebody told him that he could eat anything here.
To learn more useful Japanese vocabulary, check out our 100 Adjectives and 100 Nouns articles.
6. Conclusion: How JapanesePod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese
In this article, we introduced you to a variety of common pronouns in Japanese. By now, you should have an enhanced vocabulary and have a better idea of how to use Japanese pronouns. This is something that will definitely improve your overall Japanese language skills!
Did you learn something new from this article? Do you want to know more about Japanese grammar? Let us know in the comments section below!
If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language and other useful Japanese phrases for any situation, you’ll find more helpful content on JapanesePod101.com. We provide a variety of free lessons to help you improve your Japanese language skills.
To get you started, here’s some more information about the basics of Japanese, with audio:
To learn how to converse in Japanese, check out Top 15 Questions You Should Know for Conversations and Top 10 Conversational Phrases. Basic Kanji for Verbs and Basic Kanji for Adjectives are also useful if you want to learn Japanese kanji.
And there’s so much more! Learn faster and enjoy studying Japanese at JapanesePod101.com!