Learn about the negative markers -zu and -nu
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| INTRODUCTION |
| Naomo: ใใใซใกใฏใใใชใใงใใ |
| Kat: Kat here. โSpare Me the Japanese Negativity!โ I'm Kat, and I'm joined in the studio by... |
| Naomi: Hello, everyone! Naomi here. |
| Kat: ใใชใๅ ็๏ฝ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ใฏใใ |
| Kat: Upper Intermediate Season5ใฎ็ฌฌ1ๅ็ฎใฎใฌใในใณใงใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใใใงใใญใใใกใใฃใจ็ทๅผตใใกใใใพใใญใ |
| Kat: ใใใงใใใญโฆโฆใ็งใใ ใฃใฆใใใชใBeginner seriesใใใใใใชใใใฎUpper Intermediateใซใชใฃใใฎใงใ็ทๅผตใใฆใใใพใ(็ฌ) |
| Naomi: ใใฎUpper Intermediateใฎใฏใฉในใฏใใในใใฏๅบๅฎใใใซใในใใผใชใผใใจใซๅคใใฆใฟใใใจๆใใพใใ |
| Kat: Lesson 1ใจLesson2ใฏใ็งKatใจ |
| Naomi: ็งใใชใใๆ ๅฝใใพใใใใกใใใใธใงใทใผใใใใฏใชในใใใใฆใฆใคใใใใใไปใฎใฌใในใณใง็ปๅ ดใใพใใใ |
| Kat: ๆฅฝใใฟใซใใฆใใฆใใ ใใใ |
| Naomi: ใฏใใใงใฏใๆฉ้ใฌใในใณใซๅ ฅใใพใใใใ |
| Kat: ใใฎใฌใในใณใงๅๅผทใใๆๆณใฏไฝใงใใ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ๅฆๅฎใฎใใใใจใใฌใใฎไฝฟใๆนใงใใ |
| Kat: ไปๅใฎไผ่ฉฑใฏ่ชฐใจ่ชฐใฎไผ่ฉฑใชใใงใใ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ใๆฏใใใจใๅคงๅญฆ็ใฎๆฏๅญใใใฎไผ่ฉฑใงใใ้ป่ฉฑใง่ฉฑใใฆใใใฟใใใงใใญใ |
| ไฟ้บใซใคใใฆ่ฉฑใใฆใใใฎใงใไฟ้บใฎ่ฉฑใใใใจใใซไพฟๅฉใชๅ่ชใใใใใไฝฟใใใฆใใพใใ |
| Kat: So in this lesson you'll learn the usage of the negative verb endings ใ and ใฌ. |
| This conversation is between a mother and her son in college. They're talking about insurance. So you'll come across vocab words which, unsurprisingly, are related to insurance! They're useful, trust me!(็ฌ) |
| Naomi: ใงใฏ่ใใฆใฟใพใใใใ |
| DIALOGUE |
| ๅชๅคช: ใใใใ๏ผ |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใฆใฆใกใใ๏ผไน ใใถใใๅคงๅญฆใฏใใใๅคไผใฟใซๅ ฅใฃใใใงใใ๏ผใใคๅธฐใฃใฆใใใฎ๏ผใ็ใซใฏๅธฐใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ |
| ๅชๅคช: โฆโฆใใใใใๆๆฅใใๆตทๅคใซไธไบบๆ ใซ่กใใใจๆใฃใฆใ |
| ใๆฏใใ: ๆๆฅ๏ผใพใฃใใโฆโฆใ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใใใญใใฆใฆใกใใใๅธฐใฃใฆใใใฎใใใๆฏใใๆฅฝใใฟใซๅพ ใฃใฆใใใฎใซใใใใไฟ้บใซใฏๅ ฅใฃใฆใใใฆใใ |
| ๅชๅคช: ใชใใ ใใใใใไฟบใๆญปใญใฐใใใจใๆใฃใฆใใใ๏ผ |
| ใๆฏใใ: ้ใใใใ็้ฃใจใไบๆ ใจใใใใญใจใๅคฉ็ฝใจใใใใใใใใชใใงใใใ็ฉบๆธฏใซไฟ้บใฎไปฃ็ๅบใใใใใใใใใงๆตทๅคๆ ่กๅทๅฎณไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใฃใฆใใ่กใใชใใใ |
| ๅชๅคช: ใใผ๏ผ้ใฎ็ก้งใ ใใ |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใชใใจ่จใใใซๅ ๅ ฅใใชใใใ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆใฃใฆใใใงใใใใใใใญ๏ผ |
| ๅชๅคช: ใฏใใฏใใ |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใฏใใใฏ1ๅใใใใใใ่ฆ็ฅใใฌไบบใซๅฃฐใใใใใใฆใใใคใใฆ่กใฃใใใใกใ ใใใญใ |
| ๅชๅคช: ใฏใผใใ |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใใโฆโฆใ |
| ๅชๅคช: ๆฏใใใใใใใใใชใ่ฆช็ฅใใใ็ใใฆใใใใใๆญฏๅป่ ใซ่กใใใ ใใฉใ |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใชใฎใใใใๆฉใ่กใฃใฆใใชใใใใใใๅใใใใใพใใญใ |
| Naomi: ไปๅบฆใฏใ่ฑ่ชใฎ่จณใจไธ็ทใซ่ใใฆใฟใพใใใใ |
| ๅชๅคช: ใใใใ๏ผ |
| Kat: Hello? |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใฆใฆใกใใ๏ผไน ใใถใใๅคงๅญฆใฏใใใๅคไผใฟใซๅ ฅใฃใใใงใใ๏ผ |
| Kat: Yลซ? It's been ages! It's already university summer vacation, right? |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใคๅธฐใฃใฆใใใฎ๏ผใ็ใซใฏๅธฐใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ |
| Kat: When are you coming home? You're coming home for Obon, surely. |
| ๅชๅคช: โฆใใใใใๆๆฅใใๆตทๅคใซไธไบบๆ ใซ่กใใใจๆใฃใฆใ |
| Kat: ... About that...starting tomorrow, I was thinking about going on a solitary trip abroad... |
| ใๆฏใใ: ๆๆฅ๏ผใพใฃใใโฆโฆใ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใใใญใ |
| Kat: Kat: Tomorrow? Good grief, children really don't know how much their parents love them. |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใฆใฆใกใใใๅธฐใฃใฆใใใฎใใใๆฏใใๆฅฝใใฟใซๅพ ใฃใฆใใใฎใซใ |
| Kat: I was so looking forward to your coming home too... |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใไฟ้บใซใฏๅ ฅใฃใฆใใใฆใใ |
| Kat: Make sure and get insurance! |
| ๅชๅคช: ใชใใ ใใใใใไฟบใๆญปใญใฐใใใจใๆใฃใฆใใใ๏ผ |
| Kat: What the โ ? Are you saying it'd be good if I died? (laughs) |
| ใๆฏใใ: ้ใใใใ็้ฃใจใไบๆ ใจใใใใญใจใๅคฉ็ฝใจใใใใใใใใชใใงใใใ |
| Kat: No! You might get robbed or have an accident, or there might be terrorism or a natural disaster. |
| ใๆฏใใ: ็ฉบๆธฏใซไฟ้บใฎไปฃ็ๅบใใใใใใใใใงๆตทๅคๆ ่กๅทๅฎณไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใฃใฆใใ่กใใชใใใ |
| Kat: There's an insurance agency at the airport, so go AFTER you've registered for overseas travel accident insurance. |
| ๅชๅคช: ใใผ๏ผ้ใฎ็ก้งใ ใใ |
| Kat: Huh? It's a waste of money. |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใๆฏใใ: ใใใชใใจ่จใใใซๅ ๅ ฅใใชใใใ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆใฃใฆใใใงใใใใใใใญใ |
| Kat: Just register without saying things like that, please. Better safe than sorry, right? Are we clear? |
| ๅชๅคช: ใฏใใฏใใ |
| Kat: Yeah, yeah. |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใฏใใใฏ1ๅใ |
| Kat: Just say "yes" once. |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใใใ่ฆ็ฅใใฌไบบใซๅฃฐใใใใใใฆใใใคใใฆ่กใฃใใใใกใ ใใใญใ |
| Kat: And if a stranger talks to you, you mustn't go with him, all right? |
| ๅชๅคช: ใฏใผใใ |
| Kat: Ye-es. |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใใโฆโฆใ |
| Kat: And another thing... |
| ๅชๅคช: ๆฏใใใใใใใใใชใ่ฆช็ฅใใใ็ใใฆใใใใใๆญฏๅป่ ใซ่กใใใ ใใฉใ |
| Kat: Mom, that's enough, surely. My wisdom teeth are hurting, so I'm about to go to the dentist. |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใชใฎใ |
| Kat: Oh, really? |
| ใๆฏใใ: ใใใๆฉใ่กใฃใฆใใชใใใใใใๅใใใใใพใใญใ |
| Well, hurry up and go. I'm hanging up. See you later. |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Naomi: ใใใใ่ฆชใจๅญใฎไผ่ฉฑใงใใใญใ |
| Kat: ใญใใThis is the type of conversation you often hear between parents and their loving offspring. |
| Naomi: ไปๅใฎใใคใขใญใฐใงใฏใๆตทๅคๆ ่กๅทๅฎณไฟ้บใใจใใใๅคๅฝใซๆ ่กใซ่กใใจใใซๅ ฅใไฟ้บใซใคใใฆ่ฉฑใใฆใใพใใใใใฉใใงใใ๏ผใญใฃใใใใใฏๆ ่กใใใจใใซใฏไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใใพใใ๏ผ |
| Kat:ใใผใใใใใงใใญใ ็งใฏใใคใๅ ฅใใใใใใใงใใญใ |
| Naomi: ๅ ฅใใใใใ๏ผ(็ฌ) |
| Kat: ๆฏใๅฝผๆฐใซไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใใใใซ่จใใใพใใ |
| Naomi: ใใใ |
| Kat: ใ ใใใ็ตๅฑๅ ฅใใพใใใญ(็ฌ) |
| Naomi: ใญใฃใใใใใฎใใจใๅฟ้ ใชใใงใใญใใ |
| Kat: ใใใใฏใใๅฟ้ ใใฆใใใพใใญใใใใใใใงใใใฉใญ(็ฌ) |
| Naomi: ใจใใใงใไปใญใฃใใใใใฏไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใฃใฆใใพใใ๏ผๆฎ้ใฎไฟ้บใ |
| Kat: ๅฝๆฐๅฅๅบทไฟ้บใซใฏๅ ฅใฃใฆใใพใใใฉใใใใฏๆฅๆฌใงใฏๆณๅพใชใฎใงใๅผทๅถใงใใใใชใๅ ็ใฏ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ใใใใๅ ฅใฃใฆใใพใใญใผ(็ฌ) ็ๅฝไฟ้บใจใ็คพไผไฟ้บใจใใใพใใ็คพไผไฟ้บใฏๅผทๅถใงใใใฉใ |
| Kat: ใใใ็ๅฝไฟ้บใฏ โlife insuranceโ ใงใ็คพไผไฟ้บใฏ โsocial insuranceโ ใงใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใฏใใใงใไฟ้บใฎๆฏๆใใ ใใงใๆฏๆๆฌๅฝใซใใใ้้กใซใชใใใงใใใใพใใๆฅๆฌไบบใฏไฟ้บๅฅฝใใงใใใใญ๏ฝใ |
| ็ๅฝไฟ้บใซใคใใฆใใใฐใ18ๆญณไปฅไธใฎๆฅๆฌไบบใฎ็ด80๏ผ ใฎไบบใใ็ๅฝไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใฃใฆใใใใใใงใใใ |
| Kat: ใใผใๆฌๅฝใงใใ!?ใใใใชใซ๏ผ ่ฅใไบบใ็ๅฝไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใฃใฆใใใจใฏใ้ฉใใงใใญใใคใฎใชในใงใฏ10ไปฃใ20ไปฃใฎไบบใฏใปใจใใฉๅ ฅใฃใฆใชใใจๆใใพใใ |
| Youโve probably gathered from what Naomi-sensei just said, Japanese people love Insurance of all kinds, and I was surprised to hear that around 80% of Japanese people over the age of 18 have life insurance. In the UK, I don't think many young people have life insurance at all. ใจใใใงใ ใกใใฃใจๆฐไปใใใใงใใใฉใๆฅๆฌ่ชใ ใจใไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใใใฃใฆ่จใใใงใใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใใใใใใใใใคใณใใงใใญใ่ฑ่ชใ ใจใไฟ้บใ่ฒทใใ"to buy insurance" or "to get insurance" ใจใใไฟ้บใใใใ"to have insurance" ใฃใฆ่จใใงใใใใใฉใๆฅๆฌ่ชใ ใจใไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใใใจใใไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใฃใฆใใใใจใใใฎใ่ช็ถใช่จใๆนใงใใญใใใใฏใใใฃใใๅคๅฝไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏ้้ใใใใใใคใณใใใใใใชใใงใใญใ |
| Kat: ใใใงใใญใไปๅใฎใใคใขใญใฐใซใฏใไฟ้บใซๅ ๅ ฅใใใใ โjoin, or enter, insuranceโ ใจใใใพใใใใใใใใใไฝฟใใพใใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใใใใไฝฟใใพใใญใใใใใๅ่ชใ็ขบ่ชใใพใใใใใ |
| Kat: OK. Let's take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. |
| VOCAB LIST |
| Naomi: ๅ ๅ ฅ |
| Kat: sign up for, join |
| Naomi: ๅ ๅ ฅ [slowly - broken down by syllable]ใๅ ๅ ฅ [natural native speed] |
| Kat: Next |
| Naomi: ๅคฉ็ฝ |
| Kat: natural calamity |
| Naomi: ๅคฉ็ฝ [slowly - broken down by syllable]ใๅคฉ็ฝ [natural native speed] |
| Kat: Next |
| Naomi: ๅทๅฎณไฟ้บ |
| Kat: accident insurance |
| Naomi: ๅทๅฎณไฟ้บ [slowly - broken down by syllable]ใๅทๅฎณไฟ้บ [natural native speed] |
| Kat: Ok, and next |
| Naomi: ็้ฃ |
| Kat: theft, robbery |
| Naomi: ็้ฃ [slowly - broken down by syllable]ใ็้ฃ [natural native speed] |
| Kat: And finally |
| Naomi: ใใญ |
| Kat: terror, terrorism |
| Naomi: ใใญ [slowly - broken down by syllable]ใใใญ [natural native speed] |
| VOCAB AND PHRASE USAGE |
| Kat: ใงใฏๅ่ชใใใฌใผใบใๅๅผทใใพใใใใ |
| Naomi: ใฏใใใใฎใฌใในใณใงใฏใใใจใใใ2ใค็ดนไปใใใใจๆใใพใใ |
| Kat: You're going to introduce us to two proverbs? ใใใงใใญใๆๅใฎใใจใใ โproverbโ ใฏไฝใงใใ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใ |
| Kat: "There's no love like a parent's." |
| Naomi: ใใผใใ็ขบใใซใใฎ่ฑ่ชใฎ่จณใฏใ่พๆธใซ่ผใฃใฆใใใใงใใใฉใใกใใฃใจใใฅใขใณในใๅคใใใใชใจๆใใใงใใญ๏ฝใ |
| Kat: ใใใชใใงใใ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ใใใใ่ฆชใฎๅฟใใจใใใฎใฏใ่ฆชใฎๆฐๆใกใใจใใใ่ฆชใ่ใใฆใใใใจใใจใใๆๅณใชใใงใใญใใๅญ็ฅใใใใใใใฏใๅญใใฏใๅญไพใใใ็ฅใใใใฏใ็ฅใใชใใใจใใๆๅณใงใใใ ใใใใๅญ็ฅใใใใฏใๅญไพใฏ็ฅใใชใใใจใใๅญไพใซใฏใใใใชใใใจใใๆๅณใ |
| Kat: ใใใใ่ฆชใฎๆฐๆใกใฏๅญไพใซใฏใใใใชใใใจใใๆๅณใงใใญ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ใใใงใใใ่ฆชใใฉใใชใซๅญไพใฎใใจใๆใฃใฆใใใใๅฟ้ ใใฆใใใใฃใฆใใใฎใฏใๅญไพใซใฏใใใใชใใใจใใๆๅณใชใใงใใญใ |
| Kat: I see. So it's really more like "Children don't know how much their parents really care about them." |
| Naomi: ใใใใพใใใใใใใ่ฆชใฏใใใใใใใฎใ ใ๏ฝใจใใๆๅณใชใฎใงใ่ฑ่ชใฎThere's no love like a parent's ใจไผผใฆใใใจใใใใพใใใฉใญใ |
| Kat: ใชใใปใฉใใ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใใใ |
| Naomi: ใใ่ใใพใใญใ็นใซใใ็ถใใใจใใๆฏใใใไฝฟใใพใใญใใใ๏ฝใใ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใใ ใชใใใจใใใญใฃใใใใใฎใๆฏใใใใใฃใจ่จใฃใฆใใใใ(็ฌ๏ผ |
| Kat: ใพใใๆฅๆฌ้ทใใใพใใฎใงใใใถใๅฟ้ ใใฆใใใฆใใ ใใใชใใจใๆใใใงใใใฉ(็ฌ) ใใชใๅ ็ใฎใๆฏใใใ่จใฃใฆใใใงใใญใใชใใ(็ฌ) |
| Naomi: ใใใใใใใใ่จใใใพใ(็ฌ๏ผใ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใใชใใ ใใใใใจใ(็ฌ) |
| Kat: ใใใใๆฌกใฎ โproverbโ ใใจใใใฏ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆ |
| Kat: "A stitch in time saves nine", or "Better safe than sorry" in English. |
| Naomi: ใ่ปขใฐใฌใใฏใ่ปขใฐใชใใใจใใๆๅณใงใใใๅ ใใฏใๅใใจๅใๆๅณใใๆใใฏๆญฉใใจใใซไฝฟใๆฃใฎใใจใงใใ |
| Kat: ่ฑ่ชใ ใจ โcaneโ ใจใ โwalking stickโ ใงใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใฏใใใ ใใใ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆใใฏใใ่ปขใฐใชใๅใซๆใไฝฟใฃใใปใใใใใงใใใใจใใๆๅณใชใใงใใญใใๅใใฃใฆๆฐใใคใใใใๆบๅใใใฆใใใฐใๅคฑๆใใใใจใฏใชใใใจใใๆๅณใชใใงใใ |
| Kat: I see. So It's meant to highlight the importance of being prepared before something bad happens. Right? |
| Naomi: ใฏใใ |
| Kat: ใ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆใใงใใใใใผใใ่ฆใใฆใใใพใ(็ฌ) |
| Naomi: ใใคใขใญใฐใงใฏใ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆใชใใ ใใใไฟ้บใซๅ ฅใใชใใใใฃใฆใๆฏใใใ่จใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใญใใใใใๅพฉ็ฟใใพใใใใใใญใฃใใใใใ่ฑ่ชใงๅ้กใ้กใใใพใใ |
| Kat: Listeners, what's the Japanese proverb meaning "Children don't know how much their parents care about them." |
| (Wait for 10 seconds) OK. What's the answer? |
| Naomi: ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใ |
| Kat: ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใใOK. So on to the next question. What's the Japanese proverb corresponds to "Better safe than sorry"? |
| (Wait for 10 seconds) OK. ใใชใๅ ็ What's the answer? |
| Naomi: ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆ |
| Kat: ่ปขใฐใฌๅ ใฎๆใ |
| Naomi: ใใผใใ่จใใซใใใงใใญใ |
| Kat: ใใผใใใใฌใใจใใใใฏ โnegativeโ ใงใใใ้ฃใใใงใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใใใใใใ้ฃใใใงใใญใใใใใใใฎใฌใในใณใฎๆๆณใใคใณใใงใใ |
| Kat: OK. On to the grammar section! |
Lesson focus |
|---|
| Naomi: ใใฎใฌใในใณใฎใฐใฉใใผใใคใณใใฏๅฆๅฎใ่กจใใใใใจใใฌใใงใใ็ฐกๅใซ่จใใฐใใใใใใใฌใใ โnegativeโใฎใใชใใใจๅใใใใชๆๅณใงใใญใ |
| Kat: In this lesson you'll learn the usage of two negative markers ใ and ใฌ. |
| Naomi: ไธกๆนใจใๅ่ฉใๅฆๅฎใใใฎใซไฝฟใใพใใใพใใๅฝขใใ็ดนไปใใพใใใใ |
| Kat: Both ใ and ใฌ are used to negate verbs. First of all, let us introduce you to the formation. |
| Naomi: ๅ่ฉใฎใใชใformใใฎใใชใใใฎไปฃใใใซใใใใใใใฌใใใคใใพใใไพใใฐใ็ฅใ (Kat: to know)ใใฎ โnegativeโ ใฏใ็ฅใใชใ (Kat: don't know)ใใใใใใ็ฅใใใใ็ฅใใฌใ ใซใชใใพใใ |
| Kat: ่ฆใ "to look" ใฏใ่ฆใชใ "don't see" ใ ใใ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ใ่ฆใใใ่ฆใฌใใงใใญใ |
| Kat: ๆฅใใ"to come" becomesโ? |
| Naomi: ใใใใใใใฌใ ๅฝขใฏ็ฐกๅใงใใใงใใไธใคใ ใไพๅคใใใใพใใฎใง่ฆใใฆใใ ใใใใใ "to do" ใใใใใใใใฌใใซใชใใพใใใใใฏ่ฆใใฆใใพใฃใฆใใ ใใใ |
| Kat: Right. Be careful when you change ใใ "to do" into its ใ or ใฌform. Even though its ใชใform is ใใชใ, the ใ and ใฌforms are not ใใ or ใใฌ but ใใ and ใใฌ. ใใ is an irregular verb, as you know, so it's an exception to the rule in this case too. |
| Naomi: ๆฌกใซใๆๅณใ็ขบ่ชใใพใใใใใใใใฏ ใใชใใฆใใจใใๆๅณใงใใไพใใฐใใ่ฆใใใชใใ่ฆใชใใฆใใจใใๆๅณใงใใใใชใใฆใใฏใใฆformใใชใฎใงใๅพใใซใฏๆฎ้ใฏๆใ็ถใใพใใใญใใงใใใใใใใใฏๆ็ซ ใฎ็ใไธญใซใใใใจใๅคใใงใใ |
| Kat: ใใใใไพๆใใ้กใใใพใใ |
| Naomi: ้ฃ็ตกใใงใใใ็ณใ่จณใใใใพใใใงใใใ |
| Kat: ใใใฏใใ้ฃ็ตกใใงใใชใใฆใ็ณใ่จณใใใใพใใใงใใใ"I'm deeply sorry that I couldn't contact you."ใจๅใใงใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใฏใใใใจใใใใซใใจใใๅฝขใงใใใไฝฟใใใพใใใใใซใใฏใใชใใงใใจๅใๆๅณใงใใไพใใฐใใ่พๆธใไฝฟใใใซใๅฐ่ชฌใ่ชญใฟใชใใใใฏใ่พๆธใไฝฟใใชใใงใๅฐ่ชฌใ่ชญใฟใชใใใ(Kat: Please read novels without using a dictionary.)ใจๅใๆๅณใงใใ |
| Kat: ใใใใใฌใใฎๆๅณใฏใชใใงใใ๏ผ How about the usage of ใฌ? |
| Naomi: ใใฌใใฏๅคใไฝฟใๆนใชใฎใงใใปใใใใฌใผใบใฎไธญใงไฝฟใใใใใจใๅคใใจๆใใพใใๆฅ็ถ่ฉใจใๅ่ฉใฎๅใซๅบใฆใใใใจใๅคใใงใใญใ |
| Kat: So a classical negative marker, ใฌ is used in set expressions and often appears before nouns. |
| Naomi: ไพใใฐใ็ฅใใฌๅ ดๆใใ |
| Kat: "a place I don't know" |
| Naomi: ใ็ฅใใชใๅ ดๆใใจใใๆๅณใงใใใญใใใจใฏใไบๆใใฌๅบๆฅไบใใ |
| Kat: "an unexpected incident" |
| Naomi: ใไบๆใใใใจใใใฎใฏใไบๆณใใใใจๅคงไฝๅใใใใชๆๅณใงใใญใใงใใใใใไบๆใใฌๅบๆฅไบใใฏใไบๆใใชใใใใใใฏใไบๆณใใชใๅบๆฅไบใใจใใๆๅณใงใใ |
| Kat: ใใใใจใใฌใใฏ้ฃใใใงใใญใใฉใกใใไฝฟใใใใใใใชใใจใใใใใพใใ |
| Naomi: ใใใงใใญใใงใใใใใใฏใใใซใใจไธ็ทใซไฝฟใใใใใๆ็ซ ใฎ็ใไธญใซๅบใฆใใใใใใซๅคงใใฆใใใฌใใฏๅ่ฉ "noun" ใๆฅ็ถ่ฉ "conjunction" ใฎๅใซๅบใฆใใใใจ่ฆใใฆใใใฐๅคงไฝๅคงไธๅคซใ ใจๆใใพใใ |
| Kat: ใใฃใใใ่ฆชใฎๅฟๅญ็ฅใใใใฃใฆ็ดนไปใใพใใใใญใใใจใใ่ฆช็ฅใใใโwisdom teethโ ใจใใ่จ่ใใใคใขใญใฐใซๅบใฆใใพใใใใใใฏใใใใๆๅพใซใคใใฆใใพใใใฉใใฉใใใฆใงใใ๏ผ |
| Naomi: ใ๏ผใใใฏใใ่ณชๅใงใใญ(็ฌ)ใใใถใใใใใฏใใจใใจๆ็ซ ใฎไธ้จใ ใฃใใใใใใชใใงใใใญใใ่ฆชใฎๅฟใๅญไพใฏ็ฅใใใซใใใใใใ็ญใใชใฃใใใใใชใใงใใใใใญใ |
| ใใจใใ่ฆช็ฅใใใใฏใ่ฆชใ็ฅใใใซ็ใใฆใใใใจใใใพใใใใฃใฑใใใใๆ็ซ ใฎไธ้จใ ใฃใใใใใชใใใจๆใใพใใญใ |
| Kat: ใใใใใฎใฏใใปใใใใฌใผใบใจใใฆ่ฆใใใปใใใใใงใใใญใ |
| Naomi: ใใใงใใญใใปใใใใฌใผใบใจใใฆ่ฆใใกใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใญใฃใใใใใฏใใใใจใใใฌใใฃใฆใใใไฝฟใใพใใ๏ผ |
| Kat: ใใผใใDo I often use zu and nu in Japanese?ใใใผใใๅญฆๅ็ โacademicโ ๅญฆๅ็ใชๆ็ซ ใงใใใฎใๅ่ฉใฎๆๅพใซใใใใไฝฟใใพใใใใฎใๅคๅฝไบบๅใใฎๆ็งๆธใจใใใใชใใฆใๆฅๆฌไบบใๆฎ้ใซ่ชญใๆฌใจใใๆฐ่ใซใฏๆฌๅฝใซใใไฝฟใใใฆใใพใใใญใ |
Outro |
| Naomi: ใใใงใใญใใใกใใJLPTใซใใใๅบใฆใใๆๆณใงใใฎใงใใใฒใPDFใใใ่ชญใใงใใใฆใใ ใใใ |
| Kat: ใใใงใฏใพใใ |
| Naomi: ใใใใชใใ |
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