Dialogue

Vocabulary

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Lesson Transcript

INTRODUCTION
Naomi: ใƒŠใ‚ชใƒŸใงใ™ใ€‚
Chris: Chris here, Tips for Improving your Formal Written Japanese. ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
Naomi: ๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Chris: In this lesson you'll learn expressions used in formal writing.
Naomi: ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚‚ใ€ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใจ็”Ÿๅพ’้”ใฎไผš่ฉฑใงใ™ใ€‚
Chris: This conversation is between a teacher, Mr. Momoya, and his students.
Naomi: ๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
Chris: They're talking about ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ใ˜ or standard-use kanji.
Naomi: ไธๅฏงใชไผš่ฉฑใงใ™ใ€‚
Chris: And they're speaking politely.
Naomi: ใงใฏใ€่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
Chris: Let's listen to the conversation.

Lesson conversation

ๆกƒๅฑ‹ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ: ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
: ้‡Žๆฒขใ•ใ‚“ใ€่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
้‡Žๆฒข่œๅ‘ณ: ใฏใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๆ™‚ใซใ€ๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ๆ„่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚
: ๆ„่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ38%ใ€‚ๆ„่ญ˜ใ—ใชใ„ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ็ด„60%ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
ๆกƒๅฑ‹ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ: ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆผขๅญ—ใฏๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใ‹ใชใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใญใ€‚
: ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ๆฌกใ‚’ๅคง่‘‰ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
ๅคง่‘‰ๆกœๅญ: ใฏใ„ใ€‚
: ใ€Œๆ†‚้ฌฑ(ใ‚†ใ†ใƒปใ†ใค๏ผ‰ใฎ้ฌฑใ€่ชžๅฝ™๏ผˆใ”ใƒปใ„๏ผ‰ใฎๅฝ™ใ€ๅ‡ฆๆ–น็ฎ‹๏ผˆใ—ใ‚‡ใƒปใปใ†ใƒปใ›ใ‚“๏ผ‰ใฎ็ฎ‹ใฏใ€2010ๅนดใซๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใซใชใฃใŸใ€‚
: ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€3ใคใฎๆผขๅญ—ใŒๅ…จใฆๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ4%ใ€ๆ›ธใ‘ใชใ„ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ58%ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
: ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็พๅฎŸใชใฎใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
้‚ฃ้ ˆๅฎŸ: ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
: ๆ›ธใ‘ใชใ„ไบบใฏไฟบใ ใ‘ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ๏ผ
Naomi: ไปŠๅบฆใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ่จณใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ๆกƒๅฑ‹ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ: ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
Chris: I have here an article about the "standard-use kanji."
: ้‡Žๆฒขใ•ใ‚“ใ€่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
Chris: Miss Nozawa, would you read it for us?
้‡Žๆฒข่œๅ‘ณ: ใฏใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๆ™‚ใซใ€ๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ๆ„่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚
Chris: Yes. "We asked the question, when you write something, are you conscious of the standard-use kanji?
: ๆ„่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ38%ใ€‚ๆ„่ญ˜ใ—ใชใ„ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ็ด„60%ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
Chris: Thirty-eight percent of respondents answered that they were conscious of the standard-use kanji, while sixty percent answered that they were not."
ๆกƒๅฑ‹ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ: ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆผขๅญ—ใฏๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใ‹ใชใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใญใ€‚
Chris: Thanks. Basically, there's not many people who use kanji while thinking "Hmm, is this character one of the standard-use kanji?"
: ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ๆฌกใ‚’ๅคง่‘‰ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Chris: Alright, next is Miss ลŒba, please.
ๅคง่‘‰ๆกœๅญ: ใฏใ„ใ€‚
Chris: Yes.
: ใ€Œๆ†‚้ฌฑ(ใ‚†ใ†ใƒปใ†ใค๏ผ‰ใฎ้ฌฑใ€่ชžๅฝ™๏ผˆใ”ใƒปใ„๏ผ‰ใฎๅฝ™ใ€ๅ‡ฆๆ–น็ฎ‹๏ผˆใ—ใ‚‡ใƒปใปใ†ใƒปใ›ใ‚“๏ผ‰ใฎ็ฎ‹ใฏใ€2010ๅนดใซๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใซใชใฃใŸใ€‚
Chris: "In 2010, the character ้ฌฑ ('utsu') of ๆ†‚้ฌฑ ('yลซtsu,' 'depression'), the character ๅฝ™ ('i') of ่ชžๅฝ™ ('goi,' 'vocabulary') and the character ็ฎ‹ ('sen') of ๅ‡ฆๆ–น็ฎ‹ ('shohลsen,' 'prescription') became standard-use kanji.
: ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€3ใคใฎๆผขๅญ—ใŒๅ…จใฆๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ4%ใ€ๆ›ธใ‘ใชใ„ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸไบบใฏ58%ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
Chris: However, the percentage of people who answered that they could write all three of these kanji was four percent, while the percentage of those who could not was fifty-eight percent.
: ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็พๅฎŸใชใฎใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
Chris: This is the likely reality.
้‚ฃ้ ˆๅฎŸ: ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๆ›ธใ‘ใชใ„ไบบใฏไฟบใ ใ‘ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ๏ผ
Chris: I'm glad. It's not just me who can't write them!
POST CONVERSATION BANTER
Chris: ่ณชๅ•ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใƒปใƒปใƒป
Naomi: ใฏใ„ใ€‚
Chris: ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ€casual ใซใฏใชใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€politeใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
Naomi: ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ€Œใ“ใ“ใซๅธธ็”จๆผขๅญ—ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€...ไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใญใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€ใƒปใƒปใƒปใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใงใ™ใญใ€‚
Chris: ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
Naomi: ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใƒชใƒผใ•ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ใ–ใจใ€ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
Chris: So I asked Naomi why Mr. Momoya sometimes speaks casually and sometimes politely when he's talking to his students.
Naomi said it's probably because Mr. Momoya intended to show friendliness.
Chris: ๅญฆๆ กใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏๆ™ฎ้€šใฏใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€ไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Naomi: ใŠใŠใŠใ€ใ„ใ„่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไบบใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ—ใ€ๅญฆๆ กใซใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
็งใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใ ใจใ€ๅฐๅญฆๆ กใจไธญๅญฆๆ กใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใงใ™ใญใ€‚ๅญไพ›ใซใ€ไธๅฏงใซใฏ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใญใ€‚
Chris: So elementary school and junior high school teachers speak casually. Since you don't have to be polite to children!
Naomi: ้ซ˜ๆ กใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ€ไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใ™ไบบใ‚‚ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใซ่ฉฑใ™ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๅคงๅญฆใฏไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใ™ไบบใŒๅคšใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชใƒปใƒปใƒปใ€‚
Chris: At your high school, some teachers spoke politely and some spoke casually, while most professors at your university spoke politely.
Naomi: ็งใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ‘ใฉใญใ€‚
Chris: That's just your own experience.
Naomi: ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใงใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Chris: ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‘ใฉใ€‚
Naomi: ใ‚ใ€ใชใ‚‹ใปใฉใญใ€‚
Chris: ไธญๅญฆๆ กใงใ‚‚้ซ˜ๆ กใงใ‚‚ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‘ใฉใ€ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใฎๆ–นใŒๅ‰ฒใจๅคšใ„ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
Naomi: ใชใ‚‹ใปใฉ๏ฝžใ€‚ใ‚ใ€ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ไพ‹ใˆใฐ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚’ first name ใจใ‹ใงๅ‘ผใถใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
Chris: ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
Naomi: โ€œChrisโ€ ใฟใŸใ„ใชใ€‚
Chris: ใ„ใคใ‚‚ first name ใงใ€‚
Naomi: ใ‚ใƒผใ€ใชใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€‚
Chris: ใ™ใ”ใใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใชๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‚‚ใ„ใฆใ€ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚‚ first name ใงๅ‘ผใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Naomi: ใˆ๏ฝžใ€ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‚’ first name ใงๅ‘ผใถใ‚“ใ ๏ผ
Chris: ใฏใ„ใ€‚็งใ‚‚ใใ†ใ„ใ†ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
Naomi: ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผใˆ๏ฝžใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใณใฃใใ‚Šใ€‚ใƒชใ‚นใƒŠใƒผใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅ›ฝใงใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€ไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
Chris: Listeners, how is it in your country? Do teachers speak casually? Or formally?
VOCAB LIST
Chris: Let's take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. The first word we shall see is,
Naomi: ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ [natural native speed]
Chris: to answer, to reply ;V2
Naomi: ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Naomi: ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ [natural native speed]
Chris: Next,
Naomi: ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ [natural native speed]
Chris: to think about; V2
Naomi: ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Naomi: ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ [natural native speed]
Chris: Next,
Naomi: ใคใพใ‚Š [natural native speed]
Chris: in short, in other words, that is to say, I mean
Naomi: ใคใพใ‚Š [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Naomi: ใคใพใ‚Š [natural native speed]
Chris: Next,
Naomi: ๆ–‡็ซ  [natural native speed]
Chris: sentence, article, text, writing
Naomi: ๆ–‡็ซ  [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Naomi: ๆ–‡็ซ  [natural native speed]
Chris: Next,
Naomi: ็พๅฎŸ [natural native speed]
Chris: reality, fact
Naomi: ็พๅฎŸ [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Naomi: ็พๅฎŸ [natural native speed]
KEY VOCABULARY AND PHRASES
Chris: In this section,let us introduce some useful expressions for formal writing. What are we looking at first?
Naomi: ใ€Œใคใพใ‚Šใ€
Chris: Tsumari is used to wrap up an explanation, or to give a summary. It can be translated as "that is to say", "to sum it up", or "in short".
Naomi: "in other words" ใจใ‹ "I mean" ใจ่จ€ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ฝžใ€‚
Chris: ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
Naomi: ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไฝฟใ„ใ™ใŽใชใ„ๆง˜ใซๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
Chris: Be careful not to overuse it, because just like in English, it will lose its effectiveness. ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Naomi: ใใ‚ŒใฏใƒŽใƒณใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใŠ้…’ใŒใฏใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ ใ€‚
Chris: "That's non-alcoholic beer - in other words, it's beer with no alcohol in it".
Chris: ๆฌกใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ What's the next expression?
Naomi: ใ—ใ‹ใ—
Chris: However, but.
Naomi: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅ›บใ„ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹้”ๅŒๅฃซใฎไผš่ฉฑใงใฏใ€Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
Chris: Shikashi is very formal and may sound stiff. So in a casual conversation, you should stick to "demo".
Naomi: ๅ‹้”ใซใ€ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅค‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
Chris: ๆฌกใฏ๏ผŸWhat's the next one?
Naomi: ็ด„
Chris: "approximately, about". The adverb "yaku" precedes the amount of something and adds the meaning of "roughly", "approximately" or "about".
Naomi: ใ€Œๅคงไฝ“ใ€ใ€€ใจใ€€ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚ขใƒญใ‚ฐใงใ€Œ็ด„60%ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ€Œๅคงไฝ“๏ผ–๏ผ%ใ€ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
Chris: So "daitai" and "yaku" mean the same thing. They both mean "approximately" or "about".
ใใ‚‰ใ„ใ€€ใใ‚‰ใ„ ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใญ๏ผŸ
Naomi: ใฏใ„ใ€‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚‰ใ„ใ€€ใใ‚‰ใ„ใ€€ใฏamountใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใญใ€‚
Chris: Right. ใใ‚‰ใ„ orใ€€ใใ‚‰ใ„ also means "about", but comes -after- the amount.
So ๏ผ–๏ผ๏ผ…ใใ‚‰ใ„,ใ€€right?
Naomi: ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
ใŸใ ใ€็ด„ใฏamountใฎๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‰ใซใฏๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“ใฎใงๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใญใ€‚
Chris: I see. Yaku comes before an amount, but it cannot precede expressions of time, unlike daitai or kurai. So be careful.
Naomi: ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ๅคงไฝ“๏ผ™ๆ™‚ใ€‚ใจใ‹ใ€€ไนๆ™‚ใใ‚‰ใ„ใ€€ใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใŒใ€็ด„ไนๆ™‚ใฏใƒ€ใƒกใงใ™ใ€‚
Chris: You can say "daitai kuji" or "kuji kurai/gurai" but not "yaku kuji".
Naomi: ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚

Lesson focus

Chris: In this lesson, you'll learn the conjunction "de aru".
Naomi: ๅ‰ๅ›žcopulaใฎใ€Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใญใ€‚ไปŠๅ›žใฏใ€Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€€ใฎconjugationใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Chris: In the last lesson you learned that expository -de aru sentences appear in formal writing such as essays, theses, newspaper articles and so on. In this lesson we'll focus on the conjugation of -de aru.
Naomi: ใพใšใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ€‚ใ€Œ๏ผใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏใ€Œใƒผใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€
Chris: Let us give you some examples. First of all, say "That's true" using the "da" copula.
Naomi: ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใ€‚
Chris: Now say the same sentence using "de aru".
Naomi: ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
Chris: To say "That was true", you have to replace "de aru" with "de atta".
Naomi: ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
Chris: Listeners listen and repeat after Naomi. "That was true".
Naomi: ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
(pause)
Chris: Now if you use -da, "That was true" would be...
Naomi: ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใฃใŸใ€
Chris: And if you're talking to your boss, teacher or someone who has a higher status than you, you should say..
Naomi: ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ—ใŸใ€
Chris: Next, let's learn the conjectural form.
Naomi: ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†
Chris: In -da style speech, conjecture is expressed by ใ ใ‚ใ† and in -desu style speech, ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚Let us show you an example. How do you say "it'll rain tomorrow"ใ€€in -da style speech?
Naomi: ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
Chris: If you're talking formally or speaking to someone who has a higher status than you, you'd say...
Naomi: ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
Chris: If you're writing a report, you'd write...
Naomi: ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
Chris: Listeners, listen and repeat after Naomi.
Naomi: ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
Naomi: ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚็งใŒda style ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใฎใงใ€de aru style ใซๅค‰ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
Chris: Naomi's going to say 3 sentences using -da. Your job is to change those sentences into -de aru sentences.
Naomi: ็งใฏ็Œซใ ใ€‚
Chris: (pause-wait for 5 sec) Did you replace ใ  with ใงใ‚ใ‚‹๏ผŸ Naomi, say "I'm a cat" in de aru style.
Naomi: ็งใฏ็Œซใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
Chris: OK. What's the next sentence?
Naomi: ๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏๅ…จใฆๅ˜˜ใ ใฃใŸใ€‚
Chris: ๏ผˆwait for 10 sec) You have to replace ใ ใฃใŸ with ใงใ‚ใฃใŸ. Naomi, say "Everything he said was lies." using -de aru.
Naomi: ๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏๅ…จใฆๅ˜˜ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
Chris: Ok. What's the last one?
Naomi: ๅฝผใฏ้‡‘ใƒกใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†
Chris: ๏ผˆwait for 10 sec) You have to replace ใ ใ‚ใ† with ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†. Naomi, how do you say "He'll probably win a gold medal"?
Naomi: ๅฝผใฏ้‡‘ใƒกใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
Chris: Since you mentioned "I'm a cat", isn't there a famous novel whose title is "I Am a Cat" written by Soseki Natsume?
Naomi: ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚
Chris: Is the original Japanese title ็งใฏ็Œซใงใ‚ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
Naomi: ใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œๆˆ‘่ผฉใฏ็Œซใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
Chris: ใ‚ใŒใฏใ„๏ผŸ
Naomi: ใ€Œ็งใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใˆใ‚‰ใใ†ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
Chris: ๆˆ‘่ผฉ means "I", but it's archaic and carries an arrogant nuance.
Naomi: ่‹ฑ่ชžใ ใจ "I Am a Cat" ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใƒซใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€Œ็งใฏ็Œซใงใ™ใ€ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใใฆใ€Œๅพ่ผฉใฏ็Œซใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ ใจใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—็†ๅฑˆใฃใฝใ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ๆˆ‘่ผฉใฏ็”ทใฎไบบใฎpronounใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œ็†ๅฑˆใฃใฝใ„ใˆใ‚‰ใใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็”ทใฎ็Œซใ€ใ ใช๏ฝžใจใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
Chris: Oh, I see. So the title "Wagahai wa neko de aru" sounds kind of argumentative and challenging.
Also, as "wagahai" is a first-person pronoun for a male speaker, you can guess from that that the cat is argumentative and arrogant!
Naomi: ้ข็™ฝใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€‚
Chris: OK. That's all the time we have for this lesson.
Naomi: ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€‚ใพใŸใ€‚
Chris: See you!

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๐Ÿ˜„ ๐Ÿ˜ž ๐Ÿ˜ณ ๐Ÿ˜ ๐Ÿ˜’ ๐Ÿ˜Ž ๐Ÿ˜  ๐Ÿ˜† ๐Ÿ˜… ๐Ÿ˜œ ๐Ÿ˜‰ ๐Ÿ˜ญ ๐Ÿ˜‡ ๐Ÿ˜ด ๐Ÿ˜ฎ ๐Ÿ˜ˆ โค๏ธ๏ธ ๐Ÿ‘

JapanesePod101.com Verified
November 1st, 2011 at 06:30 PM
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ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€

Are you familiar with the kanji talked about in the dialogue? :D

JapanesePod101.com Verified
October 16th, 2018 at 08:08 PM
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Thank you for your comments, everyone! Sorry we didn't reply earlier.


>Hi Jeremy,

Hope our website helps you learn kanji. Please keep studying with us๐Ÿ‘

When it comes to existence of a living thing, ใ„ใ‚‹ is used instead of ใ‚ใ‚‹. So the sentence 2 should be "ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใใ“ใซใ„ใŸใ€‚"


>Hi Oswalt,

"็ด„" is normally used for amount, quantum, or quantity, so "็ด„~ๆ™‚้–“" is commonly used.


>ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€Marcusใ•ใ‚“ใ€Maggieใ•ใ‚“

้›ฃใ—ใ„ๆผขๅญ—ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๐Ÿ˜…็งใ‚‚ๆ™ฎๆฎตใฏๆ›ธใๆฉŸไผšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚


Keep studying with JapanesePod101.com

Cheers,

Miki(็พŽๅธŒ)

Team JapanesePod101.com

Maggie
August 10th, 2018 at 01:21 PM
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ๆ†‚้ฌฑใจ่ชžๅฝ™ใจๅ‡ฆๆ–น็ฎ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‘ใฉใ€ๆผขๅญ—ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใŒๅ…จ็„ถใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๆผขๅญ—ใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚๐Ÿ˜…

Marcus
July 27th, 2018 at 04:18 AM
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ไฝ•ๅ›žใ‚‚ใ€Œๆ†‚้ฌฑใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸไบ‹ใŒๆœ‰ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใพใ ๆ›ธใ„ใŸไบ‹ใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚

Oswalt
May 30th, 2018 at 04:11 PM
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Hi,

Why is "yaku" + time is not allowed (e.g. ็ด„ไนๆ™‚).

Jeremy
July 31st, 2016 at 01:59 AM
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Hey everybody. Unfortunately I'm far from knowing the three kanji in the dialogue, or the ~2,000 kanji so far. (I even accidentally wrote Yuki's name as ็”ฑ่จ˜ not ็”ฑ็ด€ once because they looked too much alike. Sorry Yuki!! ?) If I had to guess, I can probably reliably read and/or pick out of the computer list about 500-600 kanji. I glanced at the 6th grade list and there's quite a few there I don't know, but I've learned a few non-jouyou kanji like ๅ ใˆใ‚‹ from manga. (By this point you're probably guessing ็Šฌๅคœๅ‰ Inuyasha, and you would be right. I found it to be a great manga and anime for learning polite, super-polite, rude, teen girl, elderly, and normal Japanese. It's obvious who's speaking what.)


Oh yeah, de aru practice:

1. ๅฝผใฏใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณไบบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚

2. ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใใ“ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚

3. ใใฎ่ปŠใฏ่ตคใ„ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚


1. He is a Spanish person.

2. She was over there.

3. That car is probably red.

Easy. (I think?)

JapanesePod101.com Verified
March 21st, 2016 at 10:36 PM
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Paul san,

Konnichiwa.

I also want to know why.:wink:

Yuki ใ€€็”ฑ็ด€

Team JapanesePod101.com

Paul
March 14th, 2016 at 11:25 PM
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"ๆ†‚้ฌฑ": Jason of "Why Japanese People Why?" found these kanjis very difficult. :grin:


ๅŽšๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒณใฏใ€Œๆ†‚้ฌฑใ€ใฎๆผขๅญ—ใŒ็„ก็†ใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚Œใ€‚๏ผž็ฌ‘๏ผœใ€‚


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk-Gn3w2gt0

JapanesePod101.com Verified
September 17th, 2014 at 08:22 AM
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Hi Becci,

Thanks for your comment!

ใซใคใ„ใฆ is useful for formal writing but also used on speaking.

ใซใคใ„ใฆ itself marks the object of the action, such as "speak" "listen" "think" "write" "research" and so on.

Hope this helps,

Motoko

Team JapanesePod101.com

Becci
September 14th, 2014 at 03:17 PM
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In the lesson notes it says that ใซใคใ„ใฆ is used in formal writing. Is there a different word or phrase that has the same meaning that is used in casual conversation?

JapanesePod101.com Verified
November 12th, 2013 at 12:08 AM
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ใƒ€ใƒฉใ•ใ‚“ใ€

ๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€้›ฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™:sweat_smile:

็งใ‚‚ใ€่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‰่ชญใ‚ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ›ธใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“:grin:


ใ€Œๅธธ็”จใ€ๆผขๅญ—ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅธธ็”จใ€ใ—ใชใ„๏ผˆ๏ผๅธธใซไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„๏ผ‰ใฎใงใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ™ใๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™:sweat_smile::laughing:

I know they are "jouyou" kanji, but I don't "jouyou" (i.e. I don't "constantly use") them, so I forget them easily.


Natsuko(ๅฅˆๆดฅๅญ),

Team JapanesePod101.com