Learn about the conjugation of the de aru copula
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| INTRODUCTION | |
| Naomi: ใใชใใงใใ | |
| Chris: Chris here, Tips for Improving your Formal Written Japanese. ใใฎใฌใในใณใงใฏไฝใๅๅผทใใพใใใ | |
| Naomi: ๆธใ่จ่ใๅๅผทใใพใใ | |
| Chris: In this lesson you'll learn expressions used in formal writing. | |
| Naomi: ใใฎใฌใในใณใใๅ ็ใจ็ๅพ้ใฎไผ่ฉฑใงใใ | |
| Chris: This conversation is between a teacher, Mr. Momoya, and his students. | |
| Naomi: ๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใซใคใใฆ่ฉฑใใฆใใพใใ | |
| Chris: They're talking about ใใใใใใใใ or standard-use kanji. | |
| Naomi: ไธๅฏงใชไผ่ฉฑใงใใ | |
| Chris: And they're speaking politely. | |
| Naomi: ใงใฏใ่ใใฆใฟใพใใใ | |
| Chris: Let's listen to the conversation. | |
Lesson conversation |
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| ๆกๅฑๅ ็: ใใใซใๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใใซใคใใฆใฎ่จไบใใใใพใใ | |
| : ้ๆฒขใใใ่ชญใใงใใใพใใใ | |
| ้ๆฒข่ๅณ: ใฏใใใๆ็ซ ใๆธใๆใซใๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใๆ่ญใใใใฉใใใ่ณชๅใใใใ | |
| : ๆ่ญใใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ38%ใๆ่ญใใชใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ็ด60%ใงใใฃใใใ | |
| ๆกๅฑๅ ็: ใใใใจใใใคใพใใใใใฎๆผขๅญใฏๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใใชใใจ่ใใชใใใๆผขๅญใไฝฟใฃใฆใใไบบใฏๅฐใชใใใ ใญใ | |
| : ใใใๆฌกใๅคง่ใใใใ้กใใใพใใ | |
| ๅคง่ๆกๅญ: ใฏใใ | |
| : ใๆ้ฌฑ(ใใใปใใค๏ผใฎ้ฌฑใ่ชๅฝ๏ผใใปใ๏ผใฎๅฝใๅฆๆน็ฎ๏ผใใใปใปใใปใใ๏ผใฎ็ฎใฏใ2010ๅนดใซๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใซใชใฃใใ | |
| : ใใใใ3ใคใฎๆผขๅญใๅ จใฆๆธใใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ4%ใๆธใใชใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ58%ใงใใฃใใ | |
| : ใใใ็พๅฎใชใฎใงใใใใใ | |
| ้ฃ้ ๅฎ: ใใใฃใใ | |
| : ๆธใใชใไบบใฏไฟบใ ใใใใชใใใ ๏ผ | |
| Naomi: ไปๅบฆใฏ่ฑ่ชใฎ่จณใจไธ็ทใซ่ใใฆใฟใพใใใใ | |
| ๆกๅฑๅ ็: ใใใซใๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใใซใคใใฆใฎ่จไบใใใใพใใ | |
| Chris: I have here an article about the "standard-use kanji." | |
| : ้ๆฒขใใใ่ชญใใงใใใพใใใ | |
| Chris: Miss Nozawa, would you read it for us? | |
| ้ๆฒข่ๅณ: ใฏใใใๆ็ซ ใๆธใๆใซใๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใๆ่ญใใใใฉใใใ่ณชๅใใใใ | |
| Chris: Yes. "We asked the question, when you write something, are you conscious of the standard-use kanji? | |
| : ๆ่ญใใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ38%ใๆ่ญใใชใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ็ด60%ใงใใฃใใใ | |
| Chris: Thirty-eight percent of respondents answered that they were conscious of the standard-use kanji, while sixty percent answered that they were not." | |
| ๆกๅฑๅ ็: ใใใใจใใใคใพใใใใใฎๆผขๅญใฏๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใใชใใจ่ใใชใใใๆผขๅญใไฝฟใฃใฆใใไบบใฏๅฐใชใใใ ใญใ | |
| Chris: Thanks. Basically, there's not many people who use kanji while thinking "Hmm, is this character one of the standard-use kanji?" | |
| : ใใใๆฌกใๅคง่ใใใใ้กใใใพใใ | |
| Chris: Alright, next is Miss ลba, please. | |
| ๅคง่ๆกๅญ: ใฏใใ | |
| Chris: Yes. | |
| : ใๆ้ฌฑ(ใใใปใใค๏ผใฎ้ฌฑใ่ชๅฝ๏ผใใปใ๏ผใฎๅฝใๅฆๆน็ฎ๏ผใใใปใปใใปใใ๏ผใฎ็ฎใฏใ2010ๅนดใซๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใซใชใฃใใ | |
| Chris: "In 2010, the character ้ฌฑ ('utsu') of ๆ้ฌฑ ('yลซtsu,' 'depression'), the character ๅฝ ('i') of ่ชๅฝ ('goi,' 'vocabulary') and the character ็ฎ ('sen') of ๅฆๆน็ฎ ('shohลsen,' 'prescription') became standard-use kanji. | |
| : ใใใใ3ใคใฎๆผขๅญใๅ จใฆๆธใใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ4%ใๆธใใชใใจ็ญใใไบบใฏ58%ใงใใฃใใ | |
| Chris: However, the percentage of people who answered that they could write all three of these kanji was four percent, while the percentage of those who could not was fifty-eight percent. | |
| : ใใใ็พๅฎใชใฎใงใใใใใ | |
| Chris: This is the likely reality. | |
| ้ฃ้ ๅฎ: ใใใฃใใๆธใใชใไบบใฏไฟบใ ใใใใชใใใ ๏ผ | |
| Chris: I'm glad. It's not just me who can't write them! | |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER | |
| Chris: ่ณชๅใชใใงใใใปใปใป | |
| Naomi: ใฏใใ | |
| Chris: ๅ ็ใฏใcasual ใซใฏใชใใใใpoliteใซ่ฉฑใใใใใฆใใพใใญใ | |
| Naomi: ใใใใใใงใใญใๆๅๅ ็ใฏใใใใซๅธธ็จๆผขๅญใซใคใใฆใฎ่จไบใใใใพใใ...ไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใใฆใใพใใใญใใงใใๆฌกใซใใใใใใจใใใปใปใปใซใธใฅใขใซใงใใญใ | |
| Chris: ใฉใใใฆใงใใใ | |
| Naomi: ใใถใใใใฌใณใใชใผใใๅบใใใใซใใใจใใซใธใฅใขใซใซ่ฉฑใใฆใใใฎใ ใจๆใใพใใ | |
| Chris: So I asked Naomi why Mr. Momoya sometimes speaks casually and sometimes politely when he's talking to his students. | |
| Naomi said it's probably because Mr. Momoya intended to show friendliness. | |
| Chris: ๅญฆๆ กใฎๅ ็ใฏๆฎ้ใฏใซใธใฅใขใซใซ่ฉฑใใพใใใใใจใใไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใใพใใ๏ผ | |
| Naomi: ใใใใใใ่ณชๅใงใใญใ | |
| ใใใฏใไบบใซใใใพใใใๅญฆๆ กใซใใใใพใใ | |
| ็งใฎ็ต้จใ ใจใๅฐๅญฆๆ กใจไธญๅญฆๆ กใฎๅ ็ใฏใซใธใฅใขใซใงใใญใๅญไพใซใไธๅฏงใซใฏ่ฉฑใใพใใใใใญใ | |
| Chris: So elementary school and junior high school teachers speak casually. Since you don't have to be polite to children! | |
| Naomi: ้ซๆ กใฎๅ ็ใฏใไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใไบบใใซใธใฅใขใซใซ่ฉฑใไบบใใใพใใใ | |
| ๅคงๅญฆใฏไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใไบบใๅคใใฃใใใใชใปใปใปใ | |
| Chris: At your high school, some teachers spoke politely and some spoke casually, while most professors at your university spoke politely. | |
| Naomi: ็งใฎ็ต้จใ ใใงใใใฉใญใ | |
| Chris: That's just your own experience. | |
| Naomi: ใขใกใชใซใงใฏใฉใใงใใ๏ผ | |
| Chris: ใใถใใใปใจใใฉใฏใซใธใฅใขใซใซ่ฉฑใใฆใใจๆใใใงใใใฉใ | |
| Naomi: ใใใชใใปใฉใญใ | |
| Chris: ไธญๅญฆๆ กใงใ้ซๆ กใงใๅคใใใชใใจๆใใใงใใใฉใใซใธใฅใขใซใฎๆนใๅฒใจๅคใใฏใใงใใ | |
| Naomi: ใชใใปใฉ๏ฝใใใใใใไพใใฐ็ๅพใฎๅๅใ first name ใจใใงๅผใถใใงใใใ | |
| Chris: ใใใงใใญใ | |
| Naomi: โChrisโ ใฟใใใชใ | |
| Chris: ใใคใ first name ใงใ | |
| Naomi: ใใผใใชใใปใฉใ | |
| Chris: ใใใใซใธใฅใขใซใชๅ ็ใใใฆใๅ ็ใฎๅๅใ first name ใงๅผใใ ใใใพใใ | |
| Naomi: ใ๏ฝใๅ ็ใ first name ใงๅผใถใใ ๏ผ | |
| Chris: ใฏใใ็งใใใใใๅ ็ใใพใใใ | |
| Naomi: ใใใใใชใใงใใ๏ผใ๏ฝใใใใฏใณใฃใใใใชในใใผใฎ็ใใใฎๅฝใงใฏใฉใใงใใใๅ ็ใฏใซใธใฅใขใซใซ่ฉฑใใพใใใ ใใใจใใไธๅฏงใซ่ฉฑใใพใใใ | |
| Chris: Listeners, how is it in your country? Do teachers speak casually? Or formally? | |
| VOCAB LIST | |
| Chris: Let's take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. The first word we shall see is, | |
| Naomi: ็ญใใ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: to answer, to reply ;V2 | |
| Naomi: ็ญใใ [slowly - broken down by syllable] | |
| Naomi: ็ญใใ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: Next, | |
| Naomi: ่ใใ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: to think about; V2 | |
| Naomi: ่ใใ [slowly - broken down by syllable] | |
| Naomi: ่ใใ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: Next, | |
| Naomi: ใคใพใ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: in short, in other words, that is to say, I mean | |
| Naomi: ใคใพใ [slowly - broken down by syllable] | |
| Naomi: ใคใพใ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: Next, | |
| Naomi: ๆ็ซ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: sentence, article, text, writing | |
| Naomi: ๆ็ซ [slowly - broken down by syllable] | |
| Naomi: ๆ็ซ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: Next, | |
| Naomi: ็พๅฎ [natural native speed] | |
| Chris: reality, fact | |
| Naomi: ็พๅฎ [slowly - broken down by syllable] | |
| Naomi: ็พๅฎ [natural native speed] | |
| KEY VOCABULARY AND PHRASES | |
| Chris: In this section,let us introduce some useful expressions for formal writing. What are we looking at first? | |
| Naomi: ใใคใพใใ | |
| Chris: Tsumari is used to wrap up an explanation, or to give a summary. It can be translated as "that is to say", "to sum it up", or "in short". | |
| Naomi: "in other words" ใจใ "I mean" ใจ่จใๆๅณใซใใชใใพใใใใใฏๆฌๅฝใซใใไฝฟใใพใใใญ๏ฝใ | |
| Chris: ใใใงใใญใ | |
| Naomi: ใงใใไฝฟใใใใชใๆงใซๆฐใใคใใฆใใ ใใใ | |
| Chris: Be careful not to overuse it, because just like in English, it will lose its effectiveness. ไพๆใ้กใใใพใใ | |
| Naomi: ใใใฏใใณใขใซใณใผใซใใผใซใใคใพใใใ้ ใใฏใใฃใฆใใชใใใผใซใ ใ | |
| Chris: "That's non-alcoholic beer - in other words, it's beer with no alcohol in it". | |
| Chris: ๆฌกใฏไฝใงใใ๏ผ What's the next expression? | |
| Naomi: ใใใ | |
| Chris: However, but. | |
| Naomi: ใใใฏใใจใฆใๅบใๆใใใใพใใๅ้ๅๅฃซใฎไผ่ฉฑใงใฏใใงใใใไฝฟใฃใๆนใใใใงใใ | |
| Chris: Shikashi is very formal and may sound stiff. So in a casual conversation, you should stick to "demo". | |
| Naomi: ๅ้ใซใใใใใใใไฝฟใใจใใกใใฃใจๅคใงใใๆฐใใคใใฆใใ ใใใ | |
| Chris: ๆฌกใฏ๏ผWhat's the next one? | |
| Naomi: ็ด | |
| Chris: "approximately, about". The adverb "yaku" precedes the amount of something and adds the meaning of "roughly", "approximately" or "about". | |
| Naomi: ใๅคงไฝใใใจใๅใๆๅณใงใใใใคใขใญใฐใงใ็ด60%ใใจใใใพใใใใใๅคงไฝ๏ผ๏ผ%ใใงใๅใใงใใ | |
| Chris: So "daitai" and "yaku" mean the same thing. They both mean "approximately" or "about". | |
| ใใใใใใใ ใๅใใงใใญ๏ผ | |
| Naomi: ใฏใใๅใใงใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใฏamountใฎๅพใซๆฅใพใใญใ | |
| Chris: Right. ใใใ orใใใใ also means "about", but comes -after- the amount. | |
| So ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ ใใใ,ใright? | |
| Naomi: ใใใงใใ | |
| ใใ ใ็ดใฏamountใฎๅใงใใๆ้ใฎๅใซใฏๆฅใพใใใฎใงๆณจๆใใฆใใ ใใใญใ | |
| Chris: I see. Yaku comes before an amount, but it cannot precede expressions of time, unlike daitai or kurai. So be careful. | |
| Naomi: ไพใใฐใๅคงไฝ๏ผๆใใจใใไนๆใใใใใฏๅคงไธๅคซใงใใใ็ดไนๆใฏใใกใงใใ | |
| Chris: You can say "daitai kuji" or "kuji kurai/gurai" but not "yaku kuji". | |
| Naomi: ใใใๆๆณใซๅ ฅใใพใใใใ | |
Lesson focus |
|
| Chris: In this lesson, you'll learn the conjunction "de aru". | |
| Naomi: ๅๅcopulaใฎใใงใใใใๅๅผทใใพใใใญใไปๅใฏใใงใใใใใฎconjugationใๅๅผทใใพใใ | |
| Chris: In the last lesson you learned that expository -de aru sentences appear in formal writing such as essays, theses, newspaper articles and so on. In this lesson we'll focus on the conjugation of -de aru. | |
| Naomi: ใพใใ้ๅปๅฝขใใ๏ผใงใใใใฎ้ๅปๅฝขใฏใใผใงใใฃใใ | |
| Chris: Let us give you some examples. First of all, say "That's true" using the "da" copula. | |
| Naomi: ใใใฏๆฌๅฝใ ใ | |
| Chris: Now say the same sentence using "de aru". | |
| Naomi: ใใใฏๆฌๅฝใงใใใ | |
| Chris: To say "That was true", you have to replace "de aru" with "de atta". | |
| Naomi: ใใใฏๆฌๅฝใงใใฃใใ | |
| Chris: Listeners listen and repeat after Naomi. "That was true". | |
| Naomi: ใใใฏๆฌๅฝใงใใฃใใ | |
| (pause) | |
| Chris: Now if you use -da, "That was true" would be... | |
| Naomi: ใใใใฏๆฌๅฝใ ใฃใใ | |
| Chris: And if you're talking to your boss, teacher or someone who has a higher status than you, you should say.. | |
| Naomi: ใใใใฏๆฌๅฝใงใใใ | |
| Chris: Next, let's learn the conjectural form. | |
| Naomi: ใงใใใ | |
| Chris: In -da style speech, conjecture is expressed by ใ ใใ and in -desu style speech, ใงใใใใLet us show you an example. How do you say "it'll rain tomorrow"ใin -da style speech? | |
| Naomi: ๆๆฅใ้จใ้ใใ ใใใ | |
| Chris: If you're talking formally or speaking to someone who has a higher status than you, you'd say... | |
| Naomi: ๆๆฅใ้จใ้ใใงใใใใ | |
| Chris: If you're writing a report, you'd write... | |
| Naomi: ๆๆฅใ้จใ้ใใงใใใใ | |
| Chris: Listeners, listen and repeat after Naomi. | |
| Naomi: ๆๆฅใ้จใ้ใใงใใใใ | |
| Naomi: ใใใๅพฉ็ฟใใพใใใใ็งใda style ใฎๆใ่จใใพใใฎใงใde aru style ใซๅคใใฆใใ ใใใ | |
| Chris: Naomi's going to say 3 sentences using -da. Your job is to change those sentences into -de aru sentences. | |
| Naomi: ็งใฏ็ซใ ใ | |
| Chris: (pause-wait for 5 sec) Did you replace ใ with ใงใใ๏ผ Naomi, say "I'm a cat" in de aru style. | |
| Naomi: ็งใฏ็ซใงใใใ | |
| Chris: OK. What's the next sentence? | |
| Naomi: ๅฝผใ่จใฃใใใจใฏๅ จใฆๅใ ใฃใใ | |
| Chris: ๏ผwait for 10 sec) You have to replace ใ ใฃใ with ใงใใฃใ. Naomi, say "Everything he said was lies." using -de aru. | |
| Naomi: ๅฝผใ่จใฃใใใจใฏๅ จใฆๅใงใใฃใใ | |
| Chris: Ok. What's the last one? | |
| Naomi: ๅฝผใฏ้ใกใใซใๅใใ ใใ | |
| Chris: ๏ผwait for 10 sec) You have to replace ใ ใใ with ใงใใใ. Naomi, how do you say "He'll probably win a gold medal"? | |
| Naomi: ๅฝผใฏ้ใกใใซใๅใใงใใใใ | |
| Chris: Since you mentioned "I'm a cat", isn't there a famous novel whose title is "I Am a Cat" written by Soseki Natsume? | |
| Naomi: ใฏใใใใใพใใญใ | |
| Chris: Is the original Japanese title ็งใฏ็ซใงใใ๏ผ | |
| Naomi: ใใใฏใใๆ่ผฉใฏ็ซใงใใใใงใใญใ | |
| Chris: ใใใฏใ๏ผ | |
| Naomi: ใ็งใใจ่จใๆๅณใงใใไปใฏใใพใไฝฟใใพใใใใใใใใใชๆใใงใใญใ | |
| Chris: ๆ่ผฉ means "I", but it's archaic and carries an arrogant nuance. | |
| Naomi: ่ฑ่ชใ ใจ "I Am a Cat" ใจใใใฟใคใใซใงใใญใใ็งใฏ็ซใงใใใใใชใใฆใๅพ่ผฉใฏ็ซใงใใใใ ใจใๅฐใ็ๅฑใฃใฝใ่ใใใพใใๆ่ผฉใฏ็ทใฎไบบใฎpronounใชใฎใงใใ็ๅฑใฃใฝใใใใใใซใใฆใใ็ทใฎ็ซใใ ใช๏ฝใจใฟใคใใซใใใใใใพใใ | |
| Chris: Oh, I see. So the title "Wagahai wa neko de aru" sounds kind of argumentative and challenging. | |
| Also, as "wagahai" is a first-person pronoun for a male speaker, you can guess from that that the cat is argumentative and arrogant! | |
| Naomi: ้ข็ฝใใงใใใญใ | |
| Chris: OK. That's all the time we have for this lesson. | |
| Naomi: ใใใใพใใ | |
| Chris: See you! |
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20 Comments
Hideใฟใชใใใ
Are you familiar with the kanji talked about in the dialogue? :D
Thank you for your comments, everyone! Sorry we didn't reply earlier.
>Hi Jeremy,
Hope our website helps you learn kanji. Please keep studying with us๐
When it comes to existence of a living thing, ใใ is used instead of ใใ. So the sentence 2 should be "ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใใใซใใใ"
>Hi Oswalt,
"็ด" is normally used for amount, quantum, or quantity, so "็ด~ๆ้" is commonly used.
>ใใใซใกใฏใMarcusใใใMaggieใใ
้ฃใใๆผขๅญใงใใใญ๐ ็งใๆฎๆฎตใฏๆธใๆฉไผใใใใพใใใ
Keep studying with JapanesePod101.com
Cheers,
Miki(็พๅธ)
Team JapanesePod101.com
ๆ้ฌฑใจ่ชๅฝใจๅฆๆน็ฎใ่ฆใใใจใใใใใฉใๆผขๅญใฎๆธใๆนใๅ จ็ถใใใใพใใใๆผขๅญใฎๅๅผทใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใ๐
ไฝๅใใๆ้ฌฑใใ่ฆใไบใๆใใพใใใใใใใพใ ๆธใใไบใ็ฅใใพใใใ
Hi,
Why is "yaku" + time is not allowed (e.g. ็ดไนๆ).
Hey everybody. Unfortunately I'm far from knowing the three kanji in the dialogue, or the ~2,000 kanji so far. (I even accidentally wrote Yuki's name as ็ฑ่จ not ็ฑ็ด once because they looked too much alike. Sorry Yuki!! ?) If I had to guess, I can probably reliably read and/or pick out of the computer list about 500-600 kanji. I glanced at the 6th grade list and there's quite a few there I don't know, but I've learned a few non-jouyou kanji like ๅ ใใ from manga. (By this point you're probably guessing ็ฌๅคๅ Inuyasha, and you would be right. I found it to be a great manga and anime for learning polite, super-polite, rude, teen girl, elderly, and normal Japanese. It's obvious who's speaking what.)
Oh yeah, de aru practice:
1. ๅฝผใฏในใใคใณไบบใงใใใ
2. ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใใใงใใฃใใ
3. ใใฎ่ปใฏ่ตคใใงใใใใ
1. He is a Spanish person.
2. She was over there.
3. That car is probably red.
Easy. (I think?)
Paul san,
Konnichiwa.
I also want to know why.:wink:
Yuki ใ็ฑ็ด
Team JapanesePod101.com
"ๆ้ฌฑ": Jason of "Why Japanese People Why?" found these kanjis very difficult. :grin:
ๅๅใใธใงใคใฝใณใฏใๆ้ฌฑใใฎๆผขๅญใ็ก็ใ ใจ่จใฃใฆใใพใใใใ๏ผ็ฌ๏ผใ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk-Gn3w2gt0
Hi Becci,
Thanks for your comment!
ใซใคใใฆ is useful for formal writing but also used on speaking.
ใซใคใใฆ itself marks the object of the action, such as "speak" "listen" "think" "write" "research" and so on.
Hope this helps,
Motoko
Team JapanesePod101.com
In the lesson notes it says that ใซใคใใฆ is used in formal writing. Is there a different word or phrase that has the same meaning that is used in casual conversation?
ใใฉใใใ
ๆฌๅฝใงใใใญใ้ฃใใใจๆใใพใ:sweat_smile:
็งใใ่ฆใใ่ชญใใพใใใๆธใใพใใ:grin:
ใๅธธ็จใๆผขๅญใงใใใใๅธธ็จใใใชใ๏ผ๏ผๅธธใซไฝฟใใใจใใใชใ๏ผใฎใงใ่ฆใใฆใใใๅฟใใฆใใพใใใงใ:sweat_smile::laughing:
I know they are "jouyou" kanji, but I don't "jouyou" (i.e. I don't "constantly use") them, so I forget them easily.
Natsuko(ๅฅๆดฅๅญ),
Team JapanesePod101.com