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Advanced Japanese Lesson:柊(Hiiragi)

「木」に「冬」を組み合わせた漢字を知っていますか?

「柊(ひいらぎ)」です。この漢字は日本で作られた文字で、昔の暦の初冬にあたる10月頃に白い花を咲かせることから「木+冬」の組み合わせとなりました。

柊はトゲのある葉が特徴的なモクセイ科の常緑低木で、本州から四国、九州に及ぶ比較的温暖な山地に自生する植物です。クリスマスリースに用いられることで有名な柊ですが、これは厳密に区分すると日本の柊とは異なるそうです。しかし、トゲトゲした緑色の葉は同じ種類の植物に見えますね。

この尖った葉に触ると指が痛むことから、「ひいらぎ」という名前がついたとのこと。「疼らく(ひいらく=ひりひり痛む)」という古代の動詞が語源だという説があります。

また、日本では節分の日に鰯の頭を柊に刺して戸口に立てて置く風習があります。これは、柊の鋭いトゲと鰯の生臭さを嫌って、鬼が退散するという言い伝えに則っているのです。

ちなみに、「木」に「春」を組み合わせると「椿」。これは「つばき」と読みます。
さらに「木」の右側に「夏」を書くと「榎」。こちらは「えのき」と読みます。
では、「木」と「秋」の組み合わせでは? 「楸」(ひさぎ)ですが、常用漢字ではないため、初めて見た人がほとんどでしょう。

今回は春夏秋冬の四つの季節を右側に記す漢字を紹介しました。

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Do you know the kanji that combines the characters for “tree” (木)and “winter” (冬)?

It’s 柊(ひいらぎ), meaning “holly olive”. This kanji was created in Japan, and came from the concept of white flowers that come into bloom around the early winter or tenth month of the old calendar: 木 (tree) + 冬 (winter).

The holly olive is a shrub with evergreen thorny leaves characteristic of the olive family of plants. It grows naturally in comparatively warm mountainous areas from Honshu all the way to Shikoku and Kyūshū. Holly is famously used for Christmas wreaths, but strictly speaking the Japanese holly olive is a different plant. The lush green thorny leaves look to be the same variety, though.

Apparently this holly olive, or ひいらぎ, was so named from the fact that on touching one of its sharp leaves, your finger hurts. There is a theory that the root of the name lies in the ancient verb 疼らく (ひいらく), which is equivalent to the modern Japanese ひりひり痛む, or “a prickling, stinging pain”.

Furthermore, in Japan there is the custom on the day of Setsubun (a holiday celebrating the end of winter) of sticking a sprig of holly olive through the head of いわし (pilchards) and fastening them to the doorway of the house. This is in accordance with the legend that demons hate the sharp thorns of the holly olive and the stink of the fish, and will disperse on being confronted with these.

Incidentally,  if you combine 木 (tree) and 春 (spring), you get 椿 (the common camellia flower) which is read つばき.

Furthermore, if you write 夏 (summer) on the right hand side of 木 (tree), you get 榎 (えのき, or Japanese hackberry).

So what if we combine 木 (tree) and 秋 (autumn)?  We get 楸(ひ さぎ, or yellow catalpa), but as this is not one of the 1,945 kanji in common use, most people have probably never seen it before.

So that concludes your introduction to four kanji which use the characters for the four seasons on their right-hand side.